شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت استارتاپ‌ها: مطالعه‌ای پدیدارشناسانه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی- کیفی

نویسندگان

گروه مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

10.22059/jed.2023.359337.654193

چکیده

هدف: استارتاپ به هر شرکتی گفته می‌شود که در زمینة رشد، تجاری‌سازی و ایجاد کالاها، خدمات یا مکانیسم‌های کاملاً جدید کار می‌کند و توسط مالکیت معنوی یا فناوری جدید هدایت می‌شود. استارتاپ‌ها تأثیر به سزایی در توسعه اقتصادی دارند و علاوه بر ایجاد شغل و ثروت‌آفرینی بواسطة نوآوری و فعالیت‌های فناورانه، تغییرات مهمی در بافت اجتماعی، اقتصادی و حتی سیاسی کشورها ایجاد کرده‌اند. در عصر حاضر، استارتاپ‌ها یا شرکت‌های نوپا نقش چشمگیری در کارآفرینی دارند. این شرکت‌ها نقش پررنگی در توسعه اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان داشته و منشاء تحولات اجتماعی متعددی هستند. نوآوری بواسطة شرکت‌های نوپا، یکی از راه‌های افزایش مزیت رقابتی می‌باشد و بـه عنـوان یکـی از مهـم‌تـرین رویکرد‌هـای راهبردی شرکت‌ها برای دستیابی به موفقیت‌های بلندمدت در نظر گرفته می‌شود. استارتاپ‌ها به موتور متحرکة اقتصاد کشورهای در حال توسعه تبدیل شده‌اند ولی بسیاری از آنها نمی‌توانند به فعالیت خود در بلندمدت ادامه دهند. بیست درصد استارتاپ‌ها در سال اول و بیش از نیمی از آنها در پنج سال اول شروع فعالیت، از عرصة رقابت خارج می‌شوند. در همین راستا هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت استارتاپ‌ها می‌باشد.
روش: پژوهش حاضر از منظر هدف، یک پژوهش کاربردی است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و بصورت اکتشافی با استفاده از روش پدیدارشناسی انجام شده است. چهارده نفر از مدیران استارتاپ‌های موفق در دو استان قزوین و زنجان بصورت هدفمند مبتنی بر معیار (فعال و سودآور بودن) انتخاب شدند و داده‌ها با استفاده از مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته جمع‌آوری شد. تحلیل داده‌ها با رویکرد هفت مرحله‌ای کلایزی انجام گرفت. ابتدا متن مصاحبه‌ها چندین بار به طور دقیق مطالعه شد. سپس عبارت‌های معنی‌دار شناسایی شدند. در مرحلة بعد، مفهوم این عبارت‌های معنی‌دار تدوین شد و در قالب مضمون‌های سازمان‌دهنده (خوشه‌‌های مضمونی) سازماندهی شد. سپس این خوشه‌ها توصیف شدند و بعد، شرح ساختار زیربنایی پدیدة مورد بررسی تدوین شد. در نهایت فرایند تحلیل با اعتبارسنجی یافته‌ها بواسطة دریافت بازخورد از مشارکت‌کنندگان تکمیل شد.
یافته‌ها: پس از تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون، عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت استارتاپ‌های موفق در قالب 8 مضمون سازمان‌دهنده و 26 مضمون پایه استخراج شد. مضمون‌های سازمان‌دهنده عبارتند از: «تفکر سیستمی»، «آینده‌نگری فعال»، «خلاقیت و نوآوری»، «یادگیری سازمانی»، «تیم‌سازی»، «تأمین مالی»، «مهارت‌های کسب‌وکار»، و «بازارگرایی». مقولة تفکر سیستمی شامل از سه مضمون پایة انطباق‌پذیری، رشد برنامه‌ریزی‌شده، و هماهنگی میان‌وظیفه‌ای می‌باشد. مقولة آینده‌نگری فعال از چهار مضمون پایة هدف‌گذاری، خودکارآمدی و سخت‌کوشی، تجربه و علاقه به کار، و ریسک‌پذیری تشکیل شده است. مقولة خلاقیت و نوآوری شامل سه مضمون پایة ایده‌پردازی خلاقانه، بکارگیری فناوری‌های نوین، و طراحی و تولید محصولات کاربردی می‌باشد. مقولة یادگیری سازمانی از سه مضمون پایة پذیرش تغییر، یادگیری مستمری و تسهیم دانش تشکیل شده است. مقولة تیم‌سازی شامل سه مضمون پایة تخصص‌گرایی، کار تیمی، و مسئولیت‌پذیری و پاسخگویی می‌باشد. مقولة تأمین مالی از دو مضمون پایة جذب سرمایه و درآمدزایی تشکیل شده است. مقولة مهارت‌های کسب‌وکار شامل سه مضمون پایة حل مسأله، تصمیم‌گیری، و تبلیغات و اطلاع‌رسانی می‌باشد. و در نهایت مقولة بازارگرایی از پنج مضمون پایة انتخاب بازار هدف و ایجاد تمایز، مشتری‌گرایی، آوازه‌جویی، توسعه و تنوع محصول، و ارائه خدمات و پشتیبانی تشکیل شده است. 
نتیجه: هرچند داشتن ایده خلاقانه برای راه‌اندازی استارتاپ لازم است و چالش اصلی بسیاری از بنیانگذاران برای شروع یک سرمایه‌گذاری جدید می‌باشد ولی به تنهایی نمی‌تواند موفقیت آن را تضمین کند. از طرف دیگر، شناسایی و بهره‌برداری از فرصت نیز نقش برجسته‌ای در موفقیت استارتاپها دارد ولی استفاده از فناوری‌های جدید، توانایی ایده‌پردازی را ارتقاء بخشیده‌اند. تدوین راهبرد رشد مناسب، آینده‌نگری، داشتن تیم متخصص، توان مالی، قابلیت‌های بازاریابی و یادگیری از دیگر عوامل کلیدی موفقیت استارتاپ‌ها می‌باشند. لازم به ذکر است تفکر‌ سیستمی شرط لازم و نقطه عطف طراحی ساختار و الگو‌های فعالیت استارتاپی برای انطباق‌پذیری با تغییرات فناوری و نیازهای مشتریان، و پیوند آنها با یکدیگر است. با این تفکر سازمان‌ها می‌توانند هوشمندانه برای مواجهه مدبرانه با فرصت‌ها و تهدیدهای پیش رو آمادگی لازم را پیدا کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying Factors Affecting the Success of Startups: A Phenomenological Study

نویسندگان [English]

  • Davood Abbasi
  • Omid Mahdieh
  • Fateme Shahsavari
Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Objective: A startup is any company that works to grow, commercialize, and create entirely new goods, services, or mechanisms, driven by intellectual property or new technology. Startups have a significant impact on economic development. In addition, by creating jobs and wealth through innovation and technological activities, they have made important changes in the social, economic and even political context of countries. In the current era, startups or start-up companies play a significant role in entrepreneurship. These companies have played a prominent role in the development of the knowledge-based economy and are the source of many social developments. Innovation by start-up companies is one of the ways to increase competitive advantages and is considered one of the most important strategic approaches of companies to achieve long-term success. Startups have become the driving engine of the economies of developing countries, but many of them cannot continue their activities in the long term. Twenty percent of startups are out of competition in the first year and more than half of them in the first five years. In this regard, the aim of this research is to discover the factors affecting the success of startups.
Method: This research has been done with a qualitative approach using the phenomenological method. Fourteen managers of successful startups in the two provinces of Qazvin and Zanjan were selected by using criterion-based purposive sampling (being active and profitable) and data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done with the Colaizzi’s seven-step method. First, the text of the interviews was carefully read several times. Then the meaningful statements were identified. In the next stage, the meaning of these statements was formulated and organized in the form of organizing themes (thematic clusters). Then these clusters were described and then, the description of the underlying structure of the phenomenon under study was formulated. Finally, the analysis process was completed by validating the findings by receiving the feedback from the participants.
Results: : After the data analysis, factors affecting the success of successful startups were extracted in the form of 8 organizing themes and 26 basic sub-themes. The main themes are: "systems thinking", "active foresight", "creativity and innovation", "organizational learning", "team building", "financing", "business skills", and "market-orientation".
The category of system thinking includes the three basic themes of adaptability, planned growth, and inter-functional coordination. The category of active foresight consists of the four basic themes of goal-setting, self-efficacy and hard work, experience and interest in work, and risk-taking. The category of creativity and innovation includes the three basic themes of creative ideation, the use of new technologies, and the design and production of applied products. The category of organizational learning consists of the three basic themes: acceptance of change, continuous learning and knowledge sharing. The category of team building includes the three basic themes of specialization, teamwork, and responsibility and accountability. The category of financing consists of two the basic themes of attracting capital and generating income. The category of business skills includes the three basic themes of problem solving, decision making, and advertising and information. And finally, the category of market-orientation consists of the five basic themes of choosing the target market and creating differentiation, customer orientation, publicity, product development and diversification, and providing service and support.
Conclusion: Although having a creative idea is necessary to launch a startup and it is the main challenge of many founders to start a new investment, but it alone cannot guarantee its success. On the other hand, identifying and exploiting the opportunity also plays a prominent role in the success of startups, but the use of new technologies has improved the ability to generate ideas. Formulating a suitable growth strategy, foresight, having an expert team, financial strength, marketing and learning capabilities are other key success factors of startups. It should be noted that the systemic thinking is a necessary condition and a turning point in designing the structure and patterns of startup activities to adapt to technological changes and customer needs, and to connect them with each other. With this thinking, startups can intelligently make find the necessary preparations to face the upcoming opportunities and threats wisely.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Startup
  • innovation
  • entrepreneurship
  • success
  • phenomenology

مراجع

Abukhait, R. M., Bani-Melhem, S., & Zeffane, R. (2019). Empowerment, knowledge sharing and innovative behaviours: Exploring gender differences, International Journal of Innovation Management, 23(1), 1950006. DOI: 10.1142/S1363919619500063
Al Sahaf, M., & Al Tahoo, L. (2021). Examining the key success factors for startups in the kingdom of Bahrain, International Journal of Business Ethics and Governance, 4(2), 9–49. DOI: 10.51325/ijbeg.v4i2.65
Aldianto, L., Anggadwita, G., Permatasari, A., Mirzanti, I. R., & Williamson, I. O. (2021), Toward a business resilience framework for startups, Sustainability, 13(6), 3132. DOI: 10.3390/su13063132
Allen, T.J., Gloor, P., Fronzetti Colladon, A., Woerner, S.L. & Raz, O. (2016). The power of reciprocal knowledge sharing relationships for startup success, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(3), 636-651. DOI: 10.1108/JSBED-08-2015-0110
Asadollah, M., Sanavifard, R., & Hamidizadeh, A. (2019). Introducing a new e-banking model based on the rise of FinTechs and startups (A Case of a Private Bank in Iran), Journal of Technology Development Management, 7(2), 195-248. [In Persian].
Asakere, S., Zarandi, S. & Afsharpour, M. (2015). The role of crowdfunding to financing capital for startups entrepreneur, Roshd -e- Fanavari, 43(11), 1-10. [In Persian].
Bivins, T. H. (2006). Responsibility and accountability. In Fitzpatrick, K., & Bronstein, C. (Eds.), Ethics in public relations: Responsible advocacy (pp. 19-38) Sage Publications.
Bocken, N. M. (2015). Sustainable venture capital–catalyst for sustainable start-up success? Journal of cleaner production, 108, 647-658. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.079
Budur, T., Demirer, H., & Rashid, C. A. (2023). The effects of knowledge sharing on innovative behaviours of academicians; mediating effect of innovative organization culture and quality of work life, Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education.  
Caliendo, M., Kritikos, A. S., Rodriguez, D., & Stier, C. (2023). Self-efficacy and entrepreneurial performance of start-ups. SSRN Electronic Journal.  
Chorev, S., & Anderson, A. R. (2006). Success in Israeli high-tech start-ups; critical factors and process, Technovation, 26(2), 162–174. DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2005.06.014
Clegg, S., Kornberger, M.  & Pitsis, T. (2013). Managing and organizations: an introduction to theory and practice. Translated by Rahmanseresht, H. & Mahdieh, O. Tehran: Mehraban Book. [In Persian].
Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as a phenomenologist views it. In R. S. Valle & M. King (Ed.), Existential-Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology (pp. 48-71). Open University Press: New York.
Danaeefard, H., Nayyeri, S., & Akhondi, M. (2020). The effect of organizational goal ambiguity on employee morale in public service organizations in terms of organizational mission and individual characteristics, Journal of Public Administration, 12(1), 24-44. [In Persian].
Eisenmann, T. (2021). The fail-safe startup. Penguin Business.
Fayyazi, M., & A'arabi, S.M. (2014). Coordination pattern of human resources strategy with elements of organization and its effect on improving the performance, Police Management Studies Quarterly, 9(2), 261-286. [In Persian ].
Foruzandeh, M., Sanavifard, R., & Hamidizadeh, A. (2020). Designing and explaining the international entrepreneurial marketing model for banking services startups, Commercial Strategies, 17(15), 1-18. [In Persian ].
Gholizadeh, S., & Mohammad Kazemi, R. (2022). International entrepreneurial opportunity: A systematic review, meta-synthesis, and future research agenda, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 20(2), 218–254. DOI: 10.1007/s10843-021-00306-7
Guckenbiehl, P., & Corral de Zubielqui, G. (2022). Start-ups’ business model changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: Counteracting adversities and pursuing opportunities, International Small Business Journal, 40(2), 150-177 .
Haji Hashemi, Z., Saad, H. A., & Movahedi, R. (2016). The role of transformational leadership on organization's entrepreneurial orientation (Case Study: Agriculture jihad Organization in Isfahan Province), Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 47(3), 707-718. [In Persian ].
Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R. S., Kulick, R. B., & Miranda, J. (2016). High growth young firms: contribution to job, output and productivity growth [SSRN Scholarly Paper]. US Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies Paper No. CES-WP-16-49. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2866566
Herman, H. (2022). Impact of service quality on customer satisfaction: A case study in educational institutions, ADPEBI International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1), 39–45. DOI: 10.54099/aijbs.v2i1.104
Howarth, J. (2022). New Startup Statistics for 2023. Available at: https://explodingtopics.com/blog/startup-stats (accessed date: 20/03/2023)
Mahdieh, O. (2015). Organizational communication: concepts, models and tools. (second edition). Tehran: Meraban Book. Inc.
Jurgens, J. (2022). How startups drive economic recovery while growing responsibly. World Economy Forum, available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/how-startups-help-drive-economic-recovery-and-growth/ (accessed date: 20/03/2023)
Karshenas, A., & Garoosi Mokhtarzadeh, N. (2019). Iranian startup ecosystem and investigating interaction among its key actors, Roshd -e- Fanavari, 15(57), 1-13. [In Persian].
Keshavarzi, A.H, Safari, S. & Hamidirad, J. (2015). Investigating the impact of knowledge sharing on learning, innovation and organizational performance, Public Administration Perspective, 6(2), 103-128. [In Persian ].
Khurana, I. (2021). Understanding the process of knowledge accumulation and entrepreneurial learning in startups, Industry and Innovation, 28(9), 1129-1149.
Kim, B., Kim, H., & Jeon, Y. (2018). Critical success factors of a design startup business, Sustainability, 10(9), 2981. DOI: 10.3390/su10092981
Kondalkar, V.G. (2021). Organizational development. Translated by Mahdieh, O., Jafari, M. & Perech, M. Tehran: Fuzhan. [In Persian].
Krishna, A., Agrawal, A., & Choudhary, A. (2016). Predicting the outcome of startups: less failure, more success, In 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW) (pp. 798-805). IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/ICDMW.2016.103
Laitinen, J.A., & Senoo, D. (2017). Internal knowledge sharing motivation in startup organizations. In: Uden, L., Lu, W., Ting, IH. (eds) Knowledge Management in Organizations. KMO 2017. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 731. Springer, Cham.  
Li, S., Wang, K., Huo, B., Zhao, X., & Cui, X. (2022). The impact of cross-functional coordination on customer coordination and operational performance: an information processing view, Industrial Management & Data Systems, 122(1), 167-193. DOI: 10.1108/IMDS-04-2021-0265
Mahdieh, O., & Perech, M. (2020). The role of functional units in new product development (NPD) process, Commercial Strategies, 9(47), 371-394. [In Persian ].
March-Chorda, I. (2004). Success factors and barriers facing the innovative start-ups and their influence upon performance over time, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 4(2/3), 228–247. DOI: 10.1504/IJEIM.2004.004758
Massa, F. G. (2021). Entrepreneurship in the wild: a startup field guide. MIT Press.
McCarthy, P. X., Gong, X., Stephany, F., Braesemann, F., Rizoiu, M.-A., & Kern, P. (2023). The science of startups: The impact of founder personalities on company success [SSRN Scholarly Paper, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4359859]. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4359859
Mirzaei, A. & Nowshad, M. (2021). Investigating factors affecting the choice of citrus marketing routes: an approach to the realization of startups in Kazerun city, Entrepreneurial Research Approaches in Agriculture, 2(1), 61-74. [In Persian ].
Mobini Dehkordi, A. M., Kazemi, R. M., & Baghestani, B. (2017). IT-enabled value co-creation process for product design, 2017 Internet of Things Business Models, Users, and Networks, 1–8. DOI: 10.1109/CTTE.2017.8260992
Mohammad Kazemi, R., Jafarimoghadam, S., & Soheili, S. (2012). Identifying the effects of organizational climate on innovation (Case study: Mellat Bank), Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 5(2), 67-86. DOI: 10.22059/jed.2012.28541 [In Persian].
Mohammadzadeh, Z., Ghiasi, M., & Tahmasebi Limooni, S. (2020). Components of startups knowledge management in knowledge and information science discipline, Library and Information Sciences, 23(3), 91-118. [In Persian ].
Mohammmad Kazemi, R.; Nikraftar, H.; Yadollahi Farsi, J. & Ahmadpour Dariani, M. (2019). The Concept of International Entrepreneurial Orientation in Competitive Firms: A Review & A Research Agenda, International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(3),  1–10 .
Munir, R. & Beh, L.-S. (2020). Measuring and enhancing organisational creative climate, knowledge sharing, and innovative work behavior in startups development, The Bottom Line, 32(4), 269-289. DOI: 10.1108/BL-03-2019-0076
Nadafi, R., & Ahmadvand, M. (2017). Identification and prioritization of development factors of startups using Q methodology, Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 10(3), 517-534. [In Persian ].
Naderi, N., Yusefi, Z. & Rezaee, B. (2016). Phenomenology barriers to the creation and launch agricultural startups, Entrepreneurial Strategies in Agriculture, 3(5), 35-46. [In Persian ].
Nafisi, F., & Mohammad Kazemi, R. (2023). Providing an open innovation model for high-tech startups in the unit of industries related to information technology, International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, Online First. DOI: 10.22075/ijnaa.2023.29764.4339
Nahid, M., & Moghadasi, M.H. (2021). Analyzing the ways of cooperation between startups and large companies, Roshd -e- Fanavari, 17(65), 1-11. DOI: 10.52547/jstpi.20900.17.65.1 [In Persian].
Najafi, F., Irandoost, M., Soltanpanah, H., & Sheikhahmadi, A. (2020). A Model for relationship management with fintech and financial startups in banking industry, Commercial Strategies, 16(13), 1-18. [In Persian ].
Nalintippayawong, S., Waiyawatpattarakul, N., & Chotipant, S. (2018). Examining the critical success factors of startup in Thailand using structural equation model, In 2018 10th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE) , 388-393 . IEEE.
Pakrad, M., Hejazi, S. R. & . Mohammad Kazemi, R. (2012). Identifying effective factors on technological entrepreneurship in iranian nanotechnology SMEs, Information Management and Business Review, 4(8), 461–466. DOI: 10.22610/imbr.v4i8.1001
Pasaribu, F., Sari, W. P., Bulan, T. R. N., & Astuty, W. (2022). The effect of e-commerce service quality on customer satisfaction, trust and loyalty, International Journal of Data and Network Science, 6(4), 1077–1084. DOI: 10.5267/j.ijdns.2022.8.001
Pasayat, A. K., Bhowmick, B., & Roy, R. (2023). Factors responsible for the success of a start-up: A meta-analytic approach, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 70(1), 342–352. DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2020.3016613
Prohorovs, A., Bistrova, J., & Ten, D. (2018). Startup success factors in the capital attraction stage: Founders’ perspective, Journal of East-West Business, 25(1), 26–51. DOI: 10.1080/10669868.2018.1503211
Radaelli, G., Lettieri, E., Mura, M., & Spiller, N. (2014). Knowledge sharing and innovative work behaviour in healthcare: A micro‐level investigation of direct and indirect effects, Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(4), 400-414. DOI: 10.1111/caim.12084
Radfar, H., & Matlabi, D. (2022). Status of start-ups in the field of publications in Iran and presenting the development scenarios, Sciences and Techniques of Information Management, 8(2), 347-372. [In Persian ].
Reshadatjo, H., & Ebrahimpour, A. (2021). Presenting the model of the effect of entrepreneurial marketing dimensions on consumer behavior with the approach of structural equations in startups in the field of new technology, Journal of Marketing Management, 15(49), 23-37. [In Persian ].
Ressin, M. (2022). Start-ups as drivers of economic growth. Research in Economics, 76(4), 345–354. DOI: 10.1016/j.rie.2022.08.003
Rezvani, M., Seyyedamiri, N., & Mirzaee, B. (2020). Identifying the effect of e-WOM marketing on social networks on value co-creation: a study on the startup tourism industry, Journal of Executive Management, 12(23), 211-238. [In Persian].
Roshani, A., Rahimi Nik, A., Vedadi, A., & Aligoli, M. (2022). Fintech startup’s success drivers and social consequences in Iran, Islamic Life Style, 5(4), 529-538. [In Persian ].
Salamzadeh, A., & Tajpour, M. (2021). Identification of the challenges of media startup creation in Iran, Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 13(4), 561-580.  DOI: 10.22059/jed.2020.307214.653424 [In Persian].
Santisteban, J., Mauricio, D., & Cachay, O. (2021). Critical success factors for technology-based startups, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 42(4), 397. DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2021.114266
Sekliuckiene, J., Vaitkiene, R., & Vainauskiene, V. (2018). Organisational learning in startup development and international growth, Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 6(4), 125 .
Sevilla-Bernardo, J., Sanchez-Robles, B., & Herrador-Alcaide, T. C. (2022). Success factors of startups in research literature within the entrepreneurial ecosystem, Administrative Sciences, 12(3), 102. DOI: 10.3390/admsci12030102
Shahrabi, B., Ashrafi, M., & Abbasi, E. (2019). Modeling factors affecting startups financing using DEMATEL technique, Financial Management Strategy, 7(2), 61-89. [In Persian].
Shahraki Moghaddam, Sh. & Farsijani, H. (2022a). Identifying influential factors in the promotion and growth of startups, New Research Approaches in Management and Accounting, 6(84), 2234-2249. [In Persian ].
Shahraki Moghaddam, Sh. & Farsijani, H. (2022b). Promotion and growth of startups in Iran's startup ecosystem, Journal of Science and Engineering Elites, 7(2), 140-152. [In Persian ].
Shakeri, Z., & Hajihosseini, A. (2020). Legal protection of startups business methods, Iranian Journal of Trade Studies, 24(94), 75-105. [In Persian ].
Sheikholeslami, R., Mohamadi, M., Naser Jahromi, R., & Kousari, M. (2015). Causal model of academic self-efficacy, self-regulated learning and student’s academic gains, Technology of Education Journal (TEJ), 9(3), 187-200. [In Persian ].
Skawińska, E., & Zalewski, R. I. (2020). Success factors of startups in the EU—A comparative study, Sustainability, 12(19), 8200. DOI: 10.3390/su12198200
Talebi, K., Mohammad Kazemi, R., & Alizadeh, M. (2019). The impact of the structural characteristics of the entrepreneurial team on the performance of IT business: the role of the environmental dynamism and entrepreneurial network, Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 12(3), 361-380. DOI: 10.22059/jed.2019.271050.652823 [In Persian].
Tari, G., & Porhelm, H. (2020). Structural model of factors affecting survival and growth of startups in Iran, Journal of Executive Management, 12(23), 315-341. [In Persian ].
Torkzade, J., Majidi, A., & Noormohammadi, H. (2010). Assessment of the external effectiveness of non-commissioned officers' training active in law enforcement job groups, Police Management Studies Quarterly, 4(4), 461-481. [In Persian ].
Tyagi, N. (2022).  Role of start-ups in the growth of the economy in India. available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/role-of-start-ups-in-the-growth-of-the-economy-in-india/   (accessed date: 20/03/2023)
Walia, C. (2019). A dynamic definition of creativity, Creativity Research Journal, 31(3), 237–247. DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2019.1641787
Wirihana, L., Welch, A., Williamson, M., Christensen, M., Bakon, S., & Craft, J. (2018). Using Colaizzi’s method of data analysis to explore the experiences of nurse academics teaching on satellite campuses, Nurse Researcher, 25(4), 30–34. DOI: 10.7748/nr.2018.e1516
Woehler, J., & Ernst, C. (2023). The importance of marketing mix planning and customer orientation for venture capital–financed startups: Impacts on valuation, performance, and survival, Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 25(1), 1–25. DOI: 10.1108/JRME-08-2021-0098
Wood, M. B. (2017). Essential guide to marketing planning (Fourth edition). Pearson.
Wu, Y., Maas, G., Zhang, Y., Chen, F., Xia, S., Fernandes, K., & Tian, K. (2023). The secrets to successful entrepreneurship: How occupational experience shapes the creation and performance of start-ups, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 29(2), 354–384. DOI: 10.1108/IJEBR-09-2021-0748
Zholanezhad, F., & Bekhradinasab, V. (2018). A comparative study response rate of firms with business strategies and cost leadership firms with different business strategies to the announcement, using the equations of structural failure, Financial Engineering and Portfolio Management, 9(34), 143-174. [In Persian ].
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار