پراکسولوژی هرمنوتیکی و کنشِ کارآفرینانه

Objective: This article seeks to explore the conceptual framework of praxeology through a hermeneutical perspective and evaluate its explanatory adequacy in analyzing entrepreneurial action. To this end, it begins by delving into the philosophical foundations of the cognitive principles underlying praxeology, contrasting the interpretive approaches adopted by later Austrian economists with the more rigid absolutism of Ludwig von Mises’s version of praxeology. It then emphasizes the role of hermeneutical apriorism, examining its significance in distinguishing Austrian economic thought from neoclassical economic theory. Through this exploration, the article introduces key problematics that contribute to reconceptualizing the cognitive aspects of praxeology. Praxeology, historically described as the study of the logic of human action, has been a central pillar in the epistemology of Austrian economics. This principle was initially articulated by Ludwig von Mises, one of the Austrian School’s leading figures. Mises positioned praxeology as the cornerstone of theorization in the social sciences, particularly in economics. He developed his interpretation of economic theory on the basis of praxeology’s cognitive implications, arguing that it provides the foundational epistemological principles for understanding human action. In Mises's view, praxeology functions as a framework of a priori reasoning, grounded in self-evident premises and categories such as causality and purposefulness. It establishes an epistemological domain that is universal and ahistorical, detached from the relativities and uncertainties of specific contexts and historical conditions. This logical foundation serves as a definitive, pre-empirical theoretical base. Historical analysis and evidence-based statistical methods, therefore, must be embedded within this framework to derive meaningful conclusions. By maintaining a reliance on absolute principles, Mises sought to ensure that praxeology could offer a stable and universally applicable theoretical foundation for the social sciences. Over the course of its intellectual development, however, the Austrian School of Economics has progressively moved away from the overt and covert dogmatism inherent in this Kantian-inspired interpretation of praxeology. Subsequent thinkers in the school have adopted a more nuanced and flexible epistemological stance, incorporating interpretive elements that align the construction of meaning in human action with the contextual and situational realities in which actions occur. This shift reflects the influence of hermeneutical methodologies often employed in the broader social sciences, where meaning is understood as inherently tied to specific historical and cultural contexts. Within this evolving perspective, praxeology is no longer viewed merely as a static and universally valid set of principles but as a dynamic framework that accommodates the complexities and contingencies of human behavior. This interpretive turn enhances its applicability to the analysis of entrepreneurial action, where decisions and behaviors are profoundly influenced by situational factors and the subjective interpretations of the individuals involved. By integrating these hermeneutical insights, praxeology transitions from an absolute epistemological framework to one that is more adaptable and reflective of the fluid nature of human action in real-world contexts. Ultimately, this article argues that the hermeneutical reinterpretation of praxeology not only resolves some of the epistemological challenges associated with Mises’s absolutist approach but also broadens the theoretical scope of Austrian economics. By embedding contextual relevance and interpretive flexibility into its framework, praxeology becomes a more robust and comprehensive tool for analyzing entrepreneurial dynamics and, by extension, the broader mechanisms of economic and social processes.
Method: The methodological foundation of this study is rooted in hermeneutical analysis, focusing on the historical evolution and varying interpretations of Misesian praxeology. By exploring primary writings that articulate the core theories underpinning heterodox conceptions of entrepreneurial action, the study delves into both the original framework and its subsequent critiques. Specifically, it addresses the concerns raised by Friedrich Hayek regarding the tautological and absolutist tendencies inherent in Mises’s formulation of praxeology. Hayek’s critiques provide a basis for questioning the rigid epistemological stance of the Misesian approach, opening the door for more nuanced interpretations. Building on this critique, the study draws attention to the exploratory contributions of Ludwig Lachmann and George Shackle. These thinkers emphasized the critical dimensions of time, uncertainty, and the embeddedness of human action within specific social, cultural, and economic contexts. Lachmann and Shackle’s perspectives highlight the limitations of static, universalist models by underscoring the dynamic and contingent nature of entrepreneurial behavior. Their work shifts the focus toward understanding how individuals navigate uncertainty and adapt to the constantly evolving conditions of their environments. Through this hermeneutical lens, the study seeks to bridge the absolutist framework of classical praxeology with a more interpretive and context-sensitive understanding of entrepreneurial action. By integrating the insights of later Austrian economists and critics, the analysis reframes praxeology as a tool capable of addressing the complexities and unpredictabilities of human behavior in the real world. This methodological approach not only enriches the theoretical discourse but also offers a more comprehensive foundation for examining the multifaceted nature of entrepreneurship.
Results: It is shown that incorporating hermeneutical elements into the analysis of entrepreneurial action, while rejecting simplistic apriorism, achieves two critical objectives. First, it facilitates the introduction of features that highlight the creative dynamics of the human mind within the teleology of action. This integration emphasizes the role of imagination, innovation, and subjective interpretation in shaping purposeful behavior, moving beyond rigid, predetermined frameworks. Second, it situates the social embeddedness of action firmly within the domain of praxeology. By acknowledging the contextual and relational dimensions of human behavior, this approach recognizes that actions are not merely the result of individual decision-making but are also deeply influenced by social, cultural, and institutional contexts. This dual focus enriches praxeology, transforming it into a more comprehensive framework capable of addressing both the internal cognitive processes of the actor and the external structures that shape and constrain action. Together, these advancements mark a significant shift in the understanding of entrepreneurial behavior, grounding it in both the dynamic creativity of the individual and the interconnectedness of social reality.
Conclusion: This study argues that hermeneutical praxeology, with its emphasis on the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial action and decision-making, serves as an effective descriptive-explanatory framework for understanding entrepreneurship, which inherently involves uncertainty and ambiguity. By focusing on the evolving, context-dependent aspects of human action, hermeneutical praxeology offers a robust methodology for integrating new cognitive insights into the analysis of entrepreneurial behavior. In this study, the hermeneutical and contextual perspective is contrasted with the original absolutist stance of Misesian praxeology. This comparison not only underscores the epistemological strengths of the hermeneutical approach—its ability to accommodate complexity and subjectivity—but also highlights its theoretical significance in analyzing creative, innovative actions. By shifting the focus from rigid a priori principles to a more flexible, interpretive framework, hermeneutical praxeology demonstrates its relevance in capturing the nuances of entrepreneurial thought and action.