پویایی خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی- کیفی

نویسندگان

1 گروه بازرگانی و کسب و کار، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، پردیس فارابی داشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.

2 گروه مدیریت سرزمینی و امور عمومی- دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری- پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران- قم - ایران

3 گروه سیاست نوآوری و آینده‌نگاری- پژوهشکده مطالعات فناوری- تهران- ایران

10.22059/jed.2025.385922.654452

چکیده

هدف: خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه یک مفهوم پویا بوده و به‌طور مداوم در مراحل مختلف راه‌اندازی و رشد کسب و کار خطرپذیر، با تغییر شرایط و به روش‌های مختلف، تغییر می‌کند. مطالعات فراوانی در حوزه‌های مختلف، در رابطه با خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه، صورت گرفته است، با این‌حال، اطلاعات کمی در مورد این‌که خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه چگونه تغییر می‌کند و منابع و مقدمات چنین تغییراتی چه مواردی هستند، وجود دارد. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی چگونگی تغییرات خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه و شناسایی منابع آن است.

روش:به منظور دست‌یابی به اهداف پژوهش، از روش‌های مرور سیستماتیک کیفی و رویکرد ترکیب مضمون، استفاده شد. ترکیب مضمون، از اصول تحلیل مضمون استفاده می‌کند و در حوزه علوم اجتماعی برای ترکیب مطالعات اولیه و به‌طور ویژه برای پاسخ به سوالات مرور سیستماتیک توسعه یافته است. ترکیب مضمون، رویکردهایی را از هر دو روش فراقوم نگاری و نظریه زمینه‌ای ترکیب و اقتباس می‌کند. در مورد اول، توسعه مضامین توصیفی و تحلیلی مستلزم ترجمه متقابل و مقایسه مداوم است و در مورد دوم، مطالعات اولیه به جای متون اصلی و رونوشت، واحد تحلیل می‌شود.

یافته‌ها: دراین مقاله علاوه بر عواملی که خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه را تقویت می‌کند، منابعی شناسایی شد که خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه را تضعیف می‌کند و این موضوع پویایی و انعطاف‌پذیری خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه را اثبات می‌کند. عملکرد کارآفرینانه که دارای یک بنیان نظری گسترده و پشتیبانی تحقیقاتی تجربی به عنوان خروجی خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه است، به عنوان منبع تغییر خودکارآفرینی نیز شناسایی شد. در حالی‌که اکثر مطالعات نشان داده‌اند که شکست یک کسب و کار خطرپذیر، تأثیر منفی بر خودکارآمدی یک کارآفرین دارد و کارآفرینان شکست‌خورده ممکن است به کارآفرین سریالی تبدیل نشوند. اما مطالعات دیگری نیز وجود دارند، که توضیح می‌دهند همه کارآفرینان شکست خورده به سمت احساسات منفی و ناامیدکننده نسبت به کارآفرینی نمی‌روند و کارآفرینی را ترک نمی‌کنند. خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه، به‌طور کلی به عنوان پیش بینی کننده عملکرد کارآفرینی در نظر گرفته می‌شود، اما خودکارآمدی بسیار بالا ناشی از سوگیری شناختی، منجر به کاهش عملکرد می‌گردد. همچنین افرادی که توانایی‌های خود را بیش از حد ارزیابی می‌کنند، گاهی از ابهاماتی در مورد ماهیت فعالیت ناشی می‌شود. در نهایت، ویژگی‌های فردی به عنوان مقدمه خودکارآمدی، حتی در صورتی که ثابت باشند، مطابق با نظریه شناخت اجتماعی، احتمالاً بر قضاوت افراد در مورد حالات فیزیولوژیکی خود از مسیر حالت جسمی و عاطفی، در پاسخ به شرایط و بر سطح خودکارآمدی آن‌ها برای انجام فعالیت‌های کارآفرینانه اثر می‌گذارد.

نتیجه: این تحقیق بر اهمیت در نظرگرفتن پویایی و تغییر پذیر خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه تأکید می کند، چرا که یک برساخت مهم در پیش‌بینی رفتار و عملکرد کارآفرینانه است. پیرو یافته‌های به دست آمده، دو موضوع برای تحقیقات آینده شامل، تحقیقات تجربی در مورد فرآیند حفظ خودکارآمدی پس از شکست کسب و کار، مقابله با چالش‌ها و حفظ وضعیت جسمی و روانی مثبت در آینده و تحقیقات تجربی و کاربردی برای یافتن محدوده‌ی بهینه و راه‌حل‌هایی برای افزایش و یا کاهش خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه در طول زمان و وابسته به شرایط پیشنهاد می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The dynamics of entrepreneurial self efficacy

نویسندگان [English]

  • elham arjmandi vala 1
  • Hossein Khanifar 2
  • alimohammad gord faramarzi 3
  • Asef Karimi 1
1 Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Farabi campus, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
2 Public administration group, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Farabi campus, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
3 Innovation Policy and Foresight Group, Technology studies institute, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective: Entrepreneurial self efficacy is not a steady concept and changes dynamically and continuously in a different stages of venture creation and growth, following the circumstances alteration in different ways. Many studies have been conducted in various disciplines in relation to entrepreneurial self efficacy, however, there is a lack of knowledges about how entrepreneurial self efficacy changes and what are the sources and antecedents of such changes. The aim of this study is to investigate how entrepreneurial self efficacy alters and identify its sources.

Method: In order to achieve the goals of the research, qualitative systematic review methods and thematic synthesis approach were used. Thematic synthesis uses principles of thematic analysis and has developed in the social sciences to synthesis primary studies and specifically to answer the questions of systematic reviews. Thematic synthesis combines and adapts characteristics from both meta-ethnography and grounded theory methods. In the first case, the development of descriptive and analytical themes requires cross-translation and constant comparison, and in the later case, primary studies are analyzed as units rather than original texts and transcripts.

Results: In addition to factors that strengthen entrepreneurial self efficacy, sources were identified that weaken entrepreneurial self efficacy, and this demonstrates the dynamism of entrepreneurial self efficacy. Entrepreneurial performance, which has an extensive theoretical foundation and empirical research support as an output of entrepreneurial self efficacy, was also identified as a source of entrepreneurial self efficacy changes. While most studies have shown that the failure of a venture has a negative effect on the self efficacy and failed entrepreneurs may not become serial entrepreneurs, but there are some studies, which explain that all failed entrepreneurs do not move towards negative and hopeless feelings and do not leave entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial self efficacy is generally considered as a predictor of entrepreneurial performance, but excessive self efficacy due to cognitive bias leads to reduced performance. Ability overestimations sometimes arise from task ambiguities. Finally according to social cognitive theory, individual characteristics as antecedents of self efficacy, even constant characteristics, probably influence people's judgments about their physiological states from the path of somatic and emotional states, in response to situations. This could alter level of self efficacy to perform entrepreneurial activities.

Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of considering the dynamic and variable nature of entrepreneurial self efficacy, as it is an important construct in predicting entrepreneurial behavior and performance. Following the findings, two topics for future studies are suggested, including empirical research on the process of maintaining self efficacy after business failure, coping with challenges, and maintaining a positive physical and mental state in the future, and empirical and applied research to find the optimal range and solutions for increasing or decreasing entrepreneurial self efficacy over time depending on the circumstances.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Changes
  • Dynamics
  • Entrepreneurial Self efficacy
  • Source of changes
  • Thematic synthesis

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فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی توسعه کارآفرینی
دوره 17، شماره 4
بهمن 1403
صفحه 93-120

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