شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت استارتاپ‌ها: مطالعه‌ای پدیدارشناسانه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی- کیفی

نویسندگان

گروه مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

هدف: استارتاپ به هر شرکتی گفته می‌شود که در زمینة رشد، تجاری‌سازی و ایجاد کالاها، خدمات یا مکانیسم‌های کاملاً جدید کار می‌کند و توسط مالکیت معنوی یا فناوری جدید هدایت می‌شود. استارتاپ‌ها تأثیر به سزایی در توسعه اقتصادی دارند و علاوه بر ایجاد شغل و ثروت‌آفرینی بواسطة نوآوری و فعالیت‌های فناورانه، تغییرات مهمی در بافت اجتماعی، اقتصادی و حتی سیاسی کشورها ایجاد کرده‌اند. در عصر حاضر، استارتاپ‌ها یا شرکت‌های نوپا نقش چشمگیری در کارآفرینی دارند. این شرکت‌ها نقش پررنگی در توسعه اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان داشته و منشاء تحولات اجتماعی متعددی هستند. نوآوری بواسطة شرکت‌های نوپا، یکی از راه‌های افزایش مزیت رقابتی می‌باشد و بـه عنـوان یکـی از مهـم‌تـرین رویکرد‌هـای راهبردی شرکت‌ها برای دستیابی به موفقیت‌های بلندمدت در نظر گرفته می‌شود. استارتاپ‌ها به موتور متحرکة اقتصاد کشورهای در حال توسعه تبدیل شده‌اند ولی بسیاری از آنها نمی‌توانند به فعالیت خود در بلندمدت ادامه دهند. بیست درصد استارتاپ‌ها در سال اول و بیش از نیمی از آنها در پنج سال اول شروع فعالیت، از عرصة رقابت خارج می‌شوند. در همین راستا هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت استارتاپ‌ها می‌باشد.
روش: پژوهش حاضر از منظر هدف، یک پژوهش کاربردی است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و بصورت اکتشافی با استفاده از روش پدیدارشناسی انجام شده است. چهارده نفر از مدیران استارتاپ‌های موفق در دو استان قزوین و زنجان بصورت هدفمند مبتنی بر معیار (فعال و سودآور بودن) انتخاب شدند و داده‌ها با استفاده از مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته جمع‌آوری شد. تحلیل داده‌ها با رویکرد هفت مرحله‌ای کلایزی انجام گرفت. ابتدا متن مصاحبه‌ها چندین بار به طور دقیق مطالعه شد. سپس عبارت‌های معنی‌دار شناسایی شدند. در مرحلة بعد، مفهوم این عبارت‌های معنی‌دار تدوین شد و در قالب مضمون‌های سازمان‌دهنده (خوشه‌‌های مضمونی) سازماندهی شد. سپس این خوشه‌ها توصیف شدند و بعد، شرح ساختار زیربنایی پدیدة مورد بررسی تدوین شد. در نهایت فرایند تحلیل با اعتبارسنجی یافته‌ها بواسطة دریافت بازخورد از مشارکت‌کنندگان تکمیل شد.
یافته‌ها: پس از تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون، عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت استارتاپ‌های موفق در قالب 8 مضمون سازمان‌دهنده و 26 مضمون پایه استخراج شد. مضمون‌های سازمان‌دهنده عبارتند از: «تفکر سیستمی»، «آینده‌نگری فعال»، «خلاقیت و نوآوری»، «یادگیری سازمانی»، «تیم‌سازی»، «تأمین مالی»، «مهارت‌های کسب‌وکار»، و «بازارگرایی». مقولة تفکر سیستمی شامل از سه مضمون پایة انطباق‌پذیری، رشد برنامه‌ریزی‌شده، و هماهنگی میان‌وظیفه‌ای می‌باشد. مقولة آینده‌نگری فعال از چهار مضمون پایة هدف‌گذاری، خودکارآمدی و سخت‌کوشی، تجربه و علاقه به کار، و ریسک‌پذیری تشکیل شده است. مقولة خلاقیت و نوآوری شامل سه مضمون پایة ایده‌پردازی خلاقانه، بکارگیری فناوری‌های نوین، و طراحی و تولید محصولات کاربردی می‌باشد. مقولة یادگیری سازمانی از سه مضمون پایة پذیرش تغییر، یادگیری مستمری و تسهیم دانش تشکیل شده است. مقولة تیم‌سازی شامل سه مضمون پایة تخصص‌گرایی، کار تیمی، و مسئولیت‌پذیری و پاسخگویی می‌باشد. مقولة تأمین مالی از دو مضمون پایة جذب سرمایه و درآمدزایی تشکیل شده است. مقولة مهارت‌های کسب‌وکار شامل سه مضمون پایة حل مسأله، تصمیم‌گیری، و تبلیغات و اطلاع‌رسانی می‌باشد. و در نهایت مقولة بازارگرایی از پنج مضمون پایة انتخاب بازار هدف و ایجاد تمایز، مشتری‌گرایی، آوازه‌جویی، توسعه و تنوع محصول، و ارائه خدمات و پشتیبانی تشکیل شده است. 
نتیجه: هرچند داشتن ایده خلاقانه برای راه‌اندازی استارتاپ لازم است و چالش اصلی بسیاری از بنیانگذاران برای شروع یک سرمایه‌گذاری جدید می‌باشد ولی به تنهایی نمی‌تواند موفقیت آن را تضمین کند. از طرف دیگر، شناسایی و بهره‌برداری از فرصت نیز نقش برجسته‌ای در موفقیت استارتاپها دارد ولی استفاده از فناوری‌های جدید، توانایی ایده‌پردازی را ارتقاء بخشیده‌اند. تدوین راهبرد رشد مناسب، آینده‌نگری، داشتن تیم متخصص، توان مالی، قابلیت‌های بازاریابی و یادگیری از دیگر عوامل کلیدی موفقیت استارتاپ‌ها می‌باشند. لازم به ذکر است تفکر‌ سیستمی شرط لازم و نقطه عطف طراحی ساختار و الگو‌های فعالیت استارتاپی برای انطباق‌پذیری با تغییرات فناوری و نیازهای مشتریان، و پیوند آنها با یکدیگر است. با این تفکر سازمان‌ها می‌توانند هوشمندانه برای مواجهه مدبرانه با فرصت‌ها و تهدیدهای پیش رو آمادگی لازم را پیدا کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying Factors Affecting the Success of Startups: A Phenomenological Study

نویسندگان [English]

  • Davood Abbasi
  • Omid Mahdieh
  • Fateme Shahsavari
Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Objective: A startup is any company that works to grow, commercialize, and create entirely new goods, services, or mechanisms, driven by intellectual property or new technology. Startups have a significant impact on economic development. In addition, by creating jobs and wealth through innovation and technological activities, they have made important changes in the social, economic and even political context of countries. In the current era, startups or start-up companies play a significant role in entrepreneurship. These companies have played a prominent role in the development of the knowledge-based economy and are the source of many social developments. Innovation by start-up companies is one of the ways to increase competitive advantages and is considered one of the most important strategic approaches of companies to achieve long-term success. Startups have become the driving engine of the economies of developing countries, but many of them cannot continue their activities in the long term. Twenty percent of startups are out of competition in the first year and more than half of them in the first five years. In this regard, the aim of this research is to discover the factors affecting the success of startups.
Method: This research has been done with a qualitative approach using the phenomenological method. Fourteen managers of successful startups in the two provinces of Qazvin and Zanjan were selected by using criterion-based purposive sampling (being active and profitable) and data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done with the Colaizzi’s seven-step method. First, the text of the interviews was carefully read several times. Then the meaningful statements were identified. In the next stage, the meaning of these statements was formulated and organized in the form of organizing themes (thematic clusters). Then these clusters were described and then, the description of the underlying structure of the phenomenon under study was formulated. Finally, the analysis process was completed by validating the findings by receiving the feedback from the participants.
Results: : After the data analysis, factors affecting the success of successful startups were extracted in the form of 8 organizing themes and 26 basic sub-themes. The main themes are: "systems thinking", "active foresight", "creativity and innovation", "organizational learning", "team building", "financing", "business skills", and "market-orientation".
The category of system thinking includes the three basic themes of adaptability, planned growth, and inter-functional coordination. The category of active foresight consists of the four basic themes of goal-setting, self-efficacy and hard work, experience and interest in work, and risk-taking. The category of creativity and innovation includes the three basic themes of creative ideation, the use of new technologies, and the design and production of applied products. The category of organizational learning consists of the three basic themes: acceptance of change, continuous learning and knowledge sharing. The category of team building includes the three basic themes of specialization, teamwork, and responsibility and accountability. The category of financing consists of two the basic themes of attracting capital and generating income. The category of business skills includes the three basic themes of problem solving, decision making, and advertising and information. And finally, the category of market-orientation consists of the five basic themes of choosing the target market and creating differentiation, customer orientation, publicity, product development and diversification, and providing service and support.
Conclusion: Although having a creative idea is necessary to launch a startup and it is the main challenge of many founders to start a new investment, but it alone cannot guarantee its success. On the other hand, identifying and exploiting the opportunity also plays a prominent role in the success of startups, but the use of new technologies has improved the ability to generate ideas. Formulating a suitable growth strategy, foresight, having an expert team, financial strength, marketing and learning capabilities are other key success factors of startups. It should be noted that the systemic thinking is a necessary condition and a turning point in designing the structure and patterns of startup activities to adapt to technological changes and customer needs, and to connect them with each other. With this thinking, startups can intelligently make find the necessary preparations to face the upcoming opportunities and threats wisely.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Startup
  • innovation
  • entrepreneurship
  • success
  • phenomenology

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