تحلیل آثار سیاست‌های پولی و مالی بر کارآفرینی (با تأکید بر بخش زنان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی - کمی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد بین‌الملل، دانشکدة علوم اقتصادی و اداری، دانشگاه مازندران

2 کارشناس ارشد علوم اقتصادی، عضو گروه پژوهشی اقتصاد جهاد دانشگاهی، واحد تربیت مدرس

چکیده

مؤلفة کارآفرینی یکی از شاخص­های تأثیرگذار بر رشد اقتصادی کشورها و از جمله عواملی است که سیاستگذاران اقتصادی به آن توجه دارند. البته در بررسی مؤلفة کارآفرینی باید توجه داشت که این مفهوم به دو بخش کارآفرینی مردان و زنان تمایز داده می‌شود. به‌همین منظور هدف اصلی مقالة حاضر، بررسی رابطة بین کارآفرینی زنان با رشد اقتصادی و سیاست­های پولی و مالی است و اینکه متغیرهای مذکور چه آثاری را بر کارآفرینی زنان به‌جای می‌گذارند؛ بنابراین با استفاده از مدل­های رشد اقتصادی و رهیافت داده­های تابلویی در بازة زمانی 2002 تا 2007، نحوة ارتباط بین متغیر کارآفرینی زنان با سایر متغیرهای کلان اقتصادی آزمون شد. نتایج محاسبه­های تحقیق بیانگر رابطة مثبت و معنی­دار بین متغیر کارآفرینی و سیاست­های پولی و مالی است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد با اعمال سیاست مالی انبساطی  (افزایش یک درصدی)، حدود 5234/1 درصد به شاخص کارآفرینی زنان افزوده می­شود. همچنین، افزایش یک درصدی در متغیرهای حجم پول (سیاست پولی انبساطی) و تولید ناخالص داخلی (رشد اقتصادی) به‌ترتیب به اندازة 1947/0 و 1505/0 درصد شاخص کارآفرینی زنان را افزایش می‌دهند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis the Effects of Fiscal and Monetary Policies on Entrepreneurship (With Focus on Women)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Iman Cheratian 1
  • Saeed Ghorbani 2
1 International Economics Ph.D Student, University of Mazandaran, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Science, Babolsar, Iran * Faculty of Economics Group in ACECR, Branch of Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 2- M.A. in Economics, membership of Economics Group in ACECR, Branch of Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Entrepreneurship, as one of the factors affecting economic growth, is also considered among the key factors by economic policymakers. However, in examining the issue of entrepreneurship, it should be noted that women’s and men’s entrepreneurship can be considered as two distinct and separate phenomena. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between women's entrepreneurship and economic growth, monetary and fiscal policies and how mentioned variables would affect women (female) entrepreneurs. For this purpose, the relationship between the variables of women's entrepreneurship and other macroeconomic variables has been tested using panel data approach in the time period of 2002 to 2007. The results of this study indicated that there is a positive and meaningful correlation between the entrepreneurship variable and macroeconomic policies. The results show that the expansionary fiscal policy (increased 1 percent), about the size of 1.5234 percent, the index of women entrepreneurship (TEA) is added. The one percent increase in the monetary variable (expansionary monetary policy) and economic growth in order to increase the size of 0.1947 and 0.1505 percent of women entrepreneurship.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • women's entrepreneurship
  • economic growth
  • monetary policy
  • Fiscal Policy
  • panel data approach
 
Acs, Z.J. and Audretsch, D.B (1990). Innovation and Small Firms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Acs, Z.J., Audretsch, D.B., Braunerhjelm, P., and Carlsson, B (2004). The Missing Link: The Knowledge Filter and Entrepreneurship in Endogenous Growth. CEPR Discussion paper No. 4783, Center for Economic Policy Research, London.
Acs, Z.J., Audretsch, D.B., Braunerhjelm, P. and Carlsson, B (2005). Growth and Entrepreneurship: an Empirical Assessment. Institute for Development Strategies, ISSN 05-16.
Audretsch, D.B. and Feldman, M (1996). R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production”. American Economic Review, 86(3), 630-640.
Audretsch, D.B. and Stephan, P (1996). Company-Scientist Locational Links: the Case of Biotechnology. American Economic Review, 86(3), 641-652.
Audretsch, D.B. & Thurik, R (2001). What’s New about the New Economy? Sources of Growth in the Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(1), 267–315.
Audretsch, D (2005). The Emergence of Entrepreneurial Economics. In: Vinig RCW, Van DerVoort (Eds) Res Tech Innov Manage Policy, 9:37–54.
Audretsch, D.B., Bonte, W., Keilbach, M (2008). Entrepreneurship Capital and its Impact on Knowledge Diffusion and Economic Performance. J Bus Venturing, 23 (6):687–698.
Audretsch, D.B (2009). The Entrepreneurial Society. J Technol Transf, 34 (3): 245-254.
Bahmani-Oskooee, M, Galindo, M.A. and Mendez, M.T (2008). Social Capital and Entrepreneurship in a Regional Context: the Case of Spanish Region. In: Galindo MA, Guzma´n J, Ribeiro D (eds) Entrepreneurship and Regional Economics. Springer, Berlin.
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Galino, M.A. and Méndez, M.T (2012). Women's Entrepreneurship and Economic Policies. In Women's Entrepreneurship and Economics, Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London.
Baltagi, B. H (2005). Nonstationary Panels, Cointegration in Panels and Dynamic Panels: A Survey. Advances in Econometrics, vol. 15, pp 7-51.
Baumol, W.J (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893–921.
Boettke, P. & Coyne, C (2007). Entrepreneurial Behavior and Institutions. In M. Minniti (Ed.), Entrepreneurship: The Engine of Growth, Vol. 1 perspective series (pp. 119–134).Westport, CT: Praeger Press—Greenwood Publishing Group.
Bowen, H. & De Clercq, D (2008). Institutional Context and the Allocation of Entrepreneurial Effort. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4), 747–767.
Burr, S.G. and Strickland, M (1992). Creating a Positive Business Climate for Women: An approach to Small Business Development. Economic Development Review, 10, 63–70.
Carter, S. and Rosa P (1998). The Financing of Male and Female Owned Businesses. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 10 (3), 225–41.
Carter, S (2000). Gender and Enterprise. In S. Carter and D. Jones-Evans (eds), Enterprise and Small Business: Principles, Practice and Policy, London: Prentice-Hall.
Deakins, D (1996). Entrepreneurship and Small Firms. London: McGraw-Hill, Equal Opportunities Commission (2001), Understanding Men and Women at Work, www.eoc.org.uk.
Duchénaut, B (1997). Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs. Rennes, France: Euro PME.
Franco, A. and Winqvist, K (2002). The Entrepreneurial Gap between Women and Men. Brussells: Eurostat: Statistics in Focus.
Galindo, M.A. and Mendez, M.T (2008). Entrepreneurship and Economic Policy Objectives. In: Bradshaw MV, Carrington PT (eds) Entrepreneurship and its Economic Significance, Behavior and Effects. Nova Press, New York.
Greene, W. H. (2004). Econometric Analysis. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York University, New York.
Gilbert, B.A., McDougall, P., and Audretsch, D (2006). New Venture Growth: A Review and Extension. Journal of Management, 32, 926–950.
Harrison, R.T., Mason, C.M., and Girling, P. (2004). “Financial Bootstrapping and Venture Development in the Software Industry”. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(4), 307–333.
Jacobides, M.J., Knudsen, T., and Augier, M. (2006). “Benefiting from Innovation: Value Creation, Value Appropriation and the Role of Industry Architectures”. Research Policy, 35(8), 1200–1216.
Khoja, F. & Lutafali, S. (2008). “Micro-Financing: An Innovative Application of Social Networking”. Ivey Business Journal, 72(1), 1–9.
Langley, D.J., Pals, N., and Ortt, J.R. (2005). “Adoption of Behavior: Predicting Success for Major Innovations”. European Journal of Innovation Management, 8(1), 56–78.
Lerner, M. & Almor, T. (2002). “Relationships among Strategic Capabilities and the Performance of Women owned Small Ventures”. Journal of Small Business Management, 40 (2), April, 109–25.
Marlow, S. (2002). “Self-Employed Women: Apart of or Apart from Feminist Theory?”. Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2 (2), 83–91.
Mason, C. and Harrison, R. (1995). Developing the Informal Venture Capital Market in the UK: Is There still a Role for Public Sector Business Angel Networks?”. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research.
Minniti, M. (2005). “Entrepreneurship and Network Externalities”. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 57(1), 1–27.
Minniti, M., Bygrave, W., & Autio, E. (2006). “2005 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report”. London; Babson Park, MA: London Business School and Babson College.
OECD. (2004). “Women's Entrepreneurship: Issues and Policies, 2nd OECD Conference of Ministers Responsible for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)”. Istanbul, Turkey.
Orser, B., Hogarth-Scott, S. and Riding, A. (2000). “Performance, Firm Size and Management Problem Solving”. Journal of Small Business Management, 38(4), 42–58.
Reynolds, P. D. and White, S. B. (1997). “The Entrepreneurial Process: Economic Growth, Men, Women, and Minorities”. Westport, Connecticut: Quorum Books.
Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). “The Theory of Economic Development”. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smart, G. (1999). “Management Assessment Methods in Venture Capital: an Empirical Analysis of Human Capital Valuation”. Venture Capital, 1, 59–82.
Stel, A.V., Carree, M. and Thurik, R. (2004). “The Effect of Entrepreneurship on National Economic Growth; an Analysis Using the GEM Database”. SCALES-Paper N200320.
Storey, D.J. (2003). “Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and Public Policy”. In Z.J. Acs &D.B. Audretsch (Eds.), International Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research (pp. 473–513). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Still, L.V., and Guerin, C.D. (1991). “Barriers Facing Self-Employed Women: the Australian Experience”. Women in Management Review and Abstracts, 6(6), 3–6.
Still, L.V. and Timms, W. (1997). “Women and Small Business: Barriers to Growth”. Report Prepared for the office of the Status of Women, Canberra: Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, June.