فراتحلیل مطالعات انجام شده پیرامون ویژگی های شخصیتی افراد کارآفرین با تاکید بر نقش خوداثربخشی بر اساس مدل مایکل فرز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی - کمی

نویسندگان

گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

هدف: کارآفرینی به عنوان قلب تپنده فعالیت­های اقتصادی، از عوامل مختلفی تاثیر می­پذیرد. ویژگی­های شخصیتی افراد یکی از مهم­ترین عواملی است که بر عملکرد افراد کارآفرین تاثیر می­گذارد اما کیفیت و کمیت آن در تحقیقات مختلف، یکسان نبوده است. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از رویکرد فراتحلیل، به عنوان یک روش مناسب با اصلاح اثرات غیرواقعی ناشی از خطای نمونه­گیری و پایایی پایین، قصد دارد نتایج پژوهش­های قبلی را جمع­بندی کرده و به طور آماری اثرگذاری نقش ویژگی­های شخصیتی را مشخص می­نماید. با توجه به اینکه برای ویژگی­های شخصیتی دیدگاه­های مختلفی وجود دارد؛ این پژوهش ضمن یکپارچه سازی مطالعات انجام شده، به بررسی این نکته نیز پرداخته که کدام دیدگاه نظری تاثیر بیشتری بر کارآفرینی دارد.
روش: پژوهش حاضر از حیث ماهیت هدف، بنیادی؛ بر حسب گرداوری اطلاعات توصیفی و براساس ماهیت پژوهش از نوع پیمایشی است. برای این منظور، روش فراتحلیل به کارگرفته شد و پژوهش­های داخلی و خارجی مرتبط با موضوع از پایگاه­های اطلاعاتی داخلی همچون جهاد دانشگاهی، مجلات نور، پژوهشگاه علوم و فناوری اطلاعات و پایگاه اطلاعات علمی وگوگل اسکولار استفاده گردید. ابزار اندازه­گیری این پژوهش چک لیست فراتحلیل بود و سپس داده­های آماری از طریق نرم افزار فراتحلیل (ویرایش دوم) مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: یافته­های پژوهش نشان می­دهد داده­ها نامتجانس بوده و عدم سوگیری انتشار در یافته­ها حاکی از معنادار بودن اندازه اثر کلی است. میانگین اندازه اثرکلی مطابق با جدول کوهن، در سطح متوسط قرار دارد و لذا می­توان گفت بین ویژگی­های شخصیتی با کارآفرینی رابطه معنادار وجود دارد. به بیان دقیق­تر، نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد ویژگی­های شخصیتی اعم از برونگرایی، روانرنجوری، سازگاری، با وجدانی، گشودگی به تجربه، که براساس نظریه Costa & McCrae مطرح شده و یا کنترل درونی، توفیق طلبی، خلاقیت، ریسک پذیری، عزت نفس و خودکارآمدی که Rauch & Frese مطرح کردند؛ با عملکرد کارآفرینان در ارتباط است. علاوه­براین، در مقایسه دو دیدگاه صفات کلی و صفات خاص شخصیتی، اندازه اثرهای مربوط به دیدگاه صفات خاص بزرگ­تربود. همچنین، از بین ویژگی­های مختلف شخصیتی، صفات خلاقیت و خوداثربخشی اندازه اثر بزرگ تری نسبت به سایر ویژگی­ها داشتند.
نتیجه: می­توان نتیجه گرفت اگرچه ویژگی­های شخصیتی عامل مهمی در عملکرد کارآفرینان است با این حال، تمامی این خصوصیات تاثیر یکسانی بر رفتار کارآفرینی افراد ندارد و برخی از آن­ها، که در این پژوهش صفات خاص نامیده شده اند، نقش پررنگ­تری در این خصوص دارند. از آنجایی که این خصیصه­ها بر ارائه توصیفات روشن­تری متمرکز هستند که در زمان و مکان یا نقش خاصی رخ می­دهد، اندازه اثر بزرگ­تری ایجاد می­نمایند. و لذا توسعه این خصیصه­ها می­تواند منجر به بهبود عملکرد کارآفرینان گردد. از دیگرسو، خلاقیت و خودکارآمدی به ترتیب رابطه قوی­تری با رفتار کارآفرینانه داشتند. به نظر می­رسد ایجاد یک کسب و کار جدید بیش از هرچیز مستلزم تفکری متفاوت از دیدگاه­های رایج است و به خلاقیت و نوآوری نیاز دارد. همچنین، لازم است تا فرد به توانمندی­های خود باور داشته باشد و به نقش موثر خود در تغییر شرایط اطمینان پیدا کند تا بدین ترتیب تردید­ها مانع از رفتار کارآفرینانه ایشان نگردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Meta-analysis of Studies on the Personality Characteristics of Entrepreneurs

نویسندگان [English]

  • elham asadi
  • hamidreza oreyzi
Department of psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective: Entrepreneurship, as the beating heart of economic activities, is affected by various factors. Personality characteristics of people are one of the most important factors that affect the performance of entrepreneurs, but its quality and quantity have not been the same in different researches. Using the meta-analysis approach, the present research aims to summarize the results of previous researches and statistically influence the role of personality traits by correcting unrealistic effects caused by sampling error and low reliability. Considering that there are different points of view for personality traits; This research, while integrating the studies, also examined the point which theoretical perspective has a greater impact on entrepreneurship.
Method: The current research is fundamental in terms of the nature of the goal; According to the collection of descriptive information and based on the nature of the research, it is a survey type For this purpose, the meta-analysis method was used, and internal and external researches related to the subject were used from databases such as Academic Jihad, Noor Magazines, Science and Information Technology Research Institute and Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar, as well as the article index site presented in Valid conventions and conferences were used. The measurement tool of this research was the meta-analysis checklist, and then the statistical data was analyzed through the meta-analysis software (second edition).
Results: The findings showed that the data are inconsistent and the lack of publication bias in the findings indicates the significance of the overall effect size. According to Cohen's table, the average effect size is at the medium level, and therefore it can be said that there is a significant relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurship. To be more precise, the results of the present study showed personality traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, adaptability, conscientiousness, openness to experience, which were proposed based on Costa & McCrae's theory, or internal control, success seeking, creativity, risk taking. , self-esteem and self-efficacy proposed by Rauch & Frese; It is related to the performance of entrepreneurs. In addition, comparing the two views of general traits and specific personality traits, the size of the effects related to the view of specific traits was larger. Also, among different personality traits, creativity and self-efficacy traits had a larger effect than other traits
Conclusion: It can be concluded that although personality traits are an important factor in the performance of entrepreneurs, however, all these traits do not have the same effect on the entrepreneurial behavior of people, and some of them, which are called special traits in this research, play a prominent role. They have more in this regard. Since these features focus on providing clearer descriptions that occur in a specific time and place or role, they create a larger effect size. And therefore, the development of these characteristics can lead to the improvement of the performance of entrepreneurs. On the other hand, creativity and self-efficacy had a stronger relationship with entrepreneurial behavior. It seems that creating a new business more than anything requires thinking different from common views and requires creativity and innovation. Also, it is necessary for a person to believe in her capabilities and to be confident in her effective role in changing the conditions so that doubts do not hinder her entrepreneurial behavior.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • meta-analysis
  • personality traits
  • entrepreneurship
  • self-efficacy
  • personality model of Frese

مراجع

Amini Roshan, Z., Gholamian, J., Mahmoudi, A., & Azizi, B. (2022). Designing a Model of personality trait and Entrepreneurship motivation on Medium and Small Businesses starting up with the role of mediation Awareness of entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 15(1), 60-41. doi: 10.22059/jed.2022.332949.653808.[ in persian].
Bacq, S., Hertel, C., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2022). Communities at the nexus of entrepreneurship and societal impact: A cross-disciplinary literature review. Journal of Business Venturing, 37(5), 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106231
Badavar Nahandi, Yoones, & Zareii, Mostafa. (2012). Studying The Characteristics Of Enterpreneurship Among The Students Of Iranian Universities. Productivity Management (Beyond Management), 5(20), 79-100. Sid. https://sid.ir/paper/182045/en.[ in persian].
Baum, J. R., Frese, M., & Baron, R. A. (2014). Born to be an entrepreneur? Revisiting the personality approach to entrepreneurship. In The psychology of entrepreneurship (pp. 73-98). Psychology Press. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270820381_Born_to_Be_an_Entrepreneur_Revisiting_the_Personality_Approach_to_Entrepreneurship
Böheim, R., Stiglbauer, A., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2009). On the persistence of job creation in old and new firms. Economic Letters, 105, 17–19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.05.003
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, T. PT., X Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to Meta- Analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons.https://www.agropustaka.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/agropustaka.id_buku_Introduction-to-Meta-Analysis.pdf
Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and individual differences, 51(3), 222-230.
Broomandnasab, M., & Shokrkon, H.. (2009). Examining Simple And Multiple Relationships Of Self–Efficacy, Locus Of Control, Tolerance Of Ambiguity With Entrepreneurship. Journal Of Psychological Achievements (Journal Of Education & Psychology), 16(1), 27-50. Sid. Https://Sid.Ir/Paper/186617/En.[ in persian].
Chaman zamin, M.,& parsa, E. (2015).The relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurship of civil engineers who are members of the Gilan engineering system. Annual Conference on Business Management and Economics. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/825552/fa.[ in persian].
Chandler, N. (2022). Entrepreneurial personality and motive: A study of Hungarian early-stage entrepreneurs using GEM data. Prosperitas, 9 (4), 3. https://publikaciotar.uni-bge.hu/1895/1/Chandler%20220818.pdf
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: PAR. Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200479.n9
Daizadeh, B. (2017). Investigating the relationship between progress motivation, creativity and self-efficacy with entrepreneurship among male students of Shahid Beheshti Technical College, Ardakan city in 2015-2016. International conference on management and entrepreneurship with emphasis on the conditions of resistance economy.. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/896157/fa.[ in persian].
Dalton, D. R., & Dalton, C. M. (2005). Strategic management studies are special case for meta-analysis. In D. J. Ketchen & D. D. Bergh (Eds.), Research methodology in strategy and management: 31-63. Oxford, UK:Elsevier.
De Pillis, E., & Reardon, K. K. (2007). The influence of personality traits and persuasive messages on entrepreneurial intention: A cross‐cultural comparison. Career development international, 12(4):382-396. DOI:10.1108/13620430710756762
Dimitriadis, E., Anastasiades, T., Karagiannidou, D., & Lagaki, M. (2017). Creativity and entrepreneurship: The role of gender and personality. International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research (IJBESAR), 11(1),7-12.
Diyanati, M., Karimi, A., & Akbari, M. (2018). The impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the recognition of Opportunities with respect to the passion of entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 11(1), 61-80. doi: 10.22059/jed.2018.238421.652274.[ in persian].
Feizi, Awat, Mahbobi, Taher, Zare, Hossein, & Mostafaei, Ali. (2012). The Relationship Of Cognitive Intelligence And Ambiguity Tolerance With Entrepreneurship Among Students Of West Azarbayjan Payam Noor University, Iran. Journal Of Research In Behavioural Sciences, 10(4 (25)), 276-284. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/106474/en.[ in persian].
Gartner, W. B. (1988). “Who is an entrepreneur?” is the wrong question. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,13(4): 47-68.
Ghasemi, M., Ghayasabadi Farahani, M., Safai Asal, A., Siyahi, M. (2016). Investigating the effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and innovation in business on the performance of entrepreneurial manufacturing companies in Arak city. The second international conference on management and economics in the 21st century, Tehran. https://scholar.conference.ac:443/index.php/ download/file/ 10549- The-effect-of-self-entrepreneurship-and-business-innovation-performance .[ in persian].
Gielnik, M. M., Bledow, R., & Stark, M. S. (2020). A dynamic account of self-efficacy in entrepreneurship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(5), 487-505. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000451
Hagos, M. M., & Singh, S. (2022). Entrepreneurship Growth Studies at a Glance: A Meta-Analysis of 20 years’ Ethiopian Firm Growth Studies. In Future of Work and Business in Covid-19 Era (pp. 285-295). Springer, Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0357-1_24
Heshmatifar, L., Liaghatdar, M., & Abedi, A. (2021). A Meta-Analysis of Entrepreneurial Psychological Correlations in Iran. Career and Organizational Counseling, 13(1), 55-70. doi: 10.48308/jcoc.2021.100600.[ in persian].
İspir, Ö., Elibol, E., & Sönmez, B. (2019). The relationship of personality traits and entrepreneurship tendencies with career adaptability of nursing students. Nurse education today, 79, 41-47.
Kerr, S. P., Kerr, W. R., & Xu, T. (2018). Personality traits of entrepreneurs: A review of recent literature. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 14(3), 279-356.
Khan, E. A., Harris, L., & Quaddus, M. (2021). The mediating role of personality traits on the entrepreneurial orientation–firm performance relationship: informal entrepreneurship context. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 1-12.
Kostakis, I., & Tsagarakis, K. P. (2022). The role of entrepreneurship, innovation and socioeconomic development on circularity rate: Empirical evidence from selected European countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 348, 131267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131267
Kraft, P. S., Günther, C., Kammerlander, N. H., & Lampe, J. (2022). Overconfidence and entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of different types of over confidence in the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 37(4), 106207. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106207
Lacap, J. P. G. (2017). Personality traits and entrepreneurial intentions of business administration students: A correlation study. Present. DLSU Res. Congr, 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319930558_Personality_Traits_and_Entrepreneurial_Intentions_of_Business_Administration_Students_A_Correlation_Study
Leutner, F., Ahmetoglu, G., Akhtar, R., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2014). The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits. Personality and individual differences, 63, 58-63.
Low, M. B., & MacMillan, I. C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of management, 14(2), 139-161.
Mahmodi, R. K., Bohlouli, N., & Ghanimat, P. (2013). Investigating the Relationship of Personality and Psychological Traits with Entrepreneurship (Case of study: Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University). The Journal of Productivity Management, 7(2(25)), 127-142.. doi: 20.1001.1.27169979.1392.7.2.7.8.[ in persian].
Mousavi, S. K., Sayari, N., Zangibadi, N. (2015). Explaining the role of psychological characteristics on the entrepreneurial performance of the heads of sports boards in Kerman province. The first national conference on developments in sports science in the field of health, prevention and heroism, Qazvin. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/860678/fa.[ in persian].
otadi, M., & safari, S. (2020). Investigating the Role of Personality and Behavioral Characteristics in Explaining Students' Entrepreneurial Intention(Case Study: Shahed University). Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 12(4), 501-520. doi: 10.22059/jed.2020.291600.653170.[ in persian].
Payami, S. A.,& Kasraei, A. (2015). The relationship between the personality type of managers and organizational entrepreneurship (case study: Big Tehran Electricity Distribution Company). The second international conference on management, economics and humanities. https://www.sid.ir/fa/seminar/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=50748.[ in persian].
Pourvaei A, Mahboobi M R, Sharifzadeh M S. (2021). Investigating Factors Affecting Students' Entrepreneurial Intention, The Case of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. jea. 7(14), 103-115. doi:10.52547/jea.7.14.103.[ in persian].
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2000). Psychological approaches to entrepreneurial success. In I. T. Robertson (Ed.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 15, 101-142.
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Born to be an entrepreneur? Revisiting the personality approach to entrepreneurship.In J. R. Baum, M. Frese, & R. A. Baron (Eds.), The psychology of entrepreneurship: 41-65. Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum.(a)
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of work and organizational psychology, 16(4), 353-385(b)
Rosado-Cubero, A., Freire-Rubio, T., & Hernández, A. (2022). Entrepreneurship: What matters most. Journal of Business Research, 144, 250-263.
Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638–641.
Salameh, A. A., Akhtar, H., Gul, R., Omar, A. B., & Hanif, S. (2022). Personality Traits and Entrepreneurial Intentions: Financial Risk-Taking as Mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927718
Salmanizadeh, A., & Ansari, Mohammad Taghi. (2009). Psychological Traits Of Iranian Entrepreneurs. Social Welfare, 9(33), 167-188. Sid. Https://Sid.Ir/Paper/56788/En.[ in persian].
Salmony, F. U., & Kanbach, D. K. (2021). Personality trait differences across types of entrepreneurs: a systematic literature review. Review of Managerial Science, 1-37.
Saraj, V., & Motiei, M. (2022). Explain the personality traits of art entrepreneurs based on Schumpeter's approach to Novelty. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 15(2), 243-260. doi: 10.22059/jed.2022.334473.653829.[ in persian].
Schumpeter, J. (1935). Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung [Theory of economic growth [Mu ̈nchen, Germany: Von Duncker & Humbolt.
Schumpeter, J., & Backhaus, U. (2003). The theory of economic development. In Joseph Alois Schumpeter, 61-116. Springer, Boston, MA.
Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial Motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13, 257-279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00017-2.
Sharififar, F., Mohammadian, F., & Sharififar, F.. (2017). A Meta-Analysis of Entrepreneurship Researches in Iran Sports Organizations. Sport Management Review, 9(44 ), 139-154. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/234429/en.[ in persian].
Shokrkon, H., Broomandnasab, M., Najarian, B., & Shehni Yeylagh, M. (2002). Examining Simple and Multiple Relationships of Creativity, Achievement Motivation and Self-esteem with Entrepreneurship in Students of Shahid Chamran University. Psychological Achievements, 9(2), 1-24. doi: 10.22055/psy.2002.16478.[ in persian].
Sobaih, A. E. E., & Elshaer, I. A. (2022). Personal Traits and Digital Entrepreneurship: A Mediation Model Using SmartPLS Data Analysis. Mathematics, 10(21), 3926. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213926
Yadegar, N. (2020). Investigating the relationship between Social Entrepreneurial Orientation (SEO( and Entrepreneurial Performance at Not for Profit Organizations(NFPs). Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 13(3), 461-480. doi: 10.22059/jed.2020.305498.653399.[ in persian].
Yaghoubi Farani, A., & Soleymani, A. (2015). The impact of personal characteristics on rural women entrepreneurs’ success in Hamedan Province. Woman in Development & Politics, 13(1), 113-130. doi: 10.22059/jwdp.2015.55209.[ in persian].
Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The Big Five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 259–271
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of management, 36(2), 381-404.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار