فراتحلیل مطالعات انجام شده پیرامون ویژگی های شخصیتی افراد کارآفرین با تاکید بر نقش خوداثربخشی بر اساس مدل مایکل فرز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی - کمی

نویسندگان

گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

هدف: کارآفرینی به عنوان قلب تپنده فعالیت­های اقتصادی، از عوامل مختلفی تاثیر می­پذیرد. ویژگی­های شخصیتی افراد یکی از مهم­ترین عواملی است که بر عملکرد افراد کارآفرین تاثیر می­گذارد اما کیفیت و کمیت آن در تحقیقات مختلف، یکسان نبوده است. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از رویکرد فراتحلیل، به عنوان یک روش مناسب با اصلاح اثرات غیرواقعی ناشی از خطای نمونه­گیری و پایایی پایین، قصد دارد نتایج پژوهش­های قبلی را جمع­بندی کرده و به طور آماری اثرگذاری نقش ویژگی­های شخصیتی را مشخص می­نماید. با توجه به اینکه برای ویژگی­های شخصیتی دیدگاه­های مختلفی وجود دارد؛ این پژوهش ضمن یکپارچه سازی مطالعات انجام شده، به بررسی این نکته نیز پرداخته که کدام دیدگاه نظری تاثیر بیشتری بر کارآفرینی دارد.
روش: پژوهش حاضر از حیث ماهیت هدف، بنیادی؛ بر حسب گرداوری اطلاعات توصیفی و براساس ماهیت پژوهش از نوع پیمایشی است. برای این منظور، روش فراتحلیل به کارگرفته شد و پژوهش­های داخلی و خارجی مرتبط با موضوع از پایگاه­های اطلاعاتی داخلی همچون جهاد دانشگاهی، مجلات نور، پژوهشگاه علوم و فناوری اطلاعات و پایگاه اطلاعات علمی وگوگل اسکولار استفاده گردید. ابزار اندازه­گیری این پژوهش چک لیست فراتحلیل بود و سپس داده­های آماری از طریق نرم افزار فراتحلیل (ویرایش دوم) مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: یافته­های پژوهش نشان می­دهد داده­ها نامتجانس بوده و عدم سوگیری انتشار در یافته­ها حاکی از معنادار بودن اندازه اثر کلی است. میانگین اندازه اثرکلی مطابق با جدول کوهن، در سطح متوسط قرار دارد و لذا می­توان گفت بین ویژگی­های شخصیتی با کارآفرینی رابطه معنادار وجود دارد. به بیان دقیق­تر، نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد ویژگی­های شخصیتی اعم از برونگرایی، روانرنجوری، سازگاری، با وجدانی، گشودگی به تجربه، که براساس نظریه Costa & McCrae مطرح شده و یا کنترل درونی، توفیق طلبی، خلاقیت، ریسک پذیری، عزت نفس و خودکارآمدی که Rauch & Frese مطرح کردند؛ با عملکرد کارآفرینان در ارتباط است. علاوه­براین، در مقایسه دو دیدگاه صفات کلی و صفات خاص شخصیتی، اندازه اثرهای مربوط به دیدگاه صفات خاص بزرگ­تربود. همچنین، از بین ویژگی­های مختلف شخصیتی، صفات خلاقیت و خوداثربخشی اندازه اثر بزرگ تری نسبت به سایر ویژگی­ها داشتند.
نتیجه: می­توان نتیجه گرفت اگرچه ویژگی­های شخصیتی عامل مهمی در عملکرد کارآفرینان است با این حال، تمامی این خصوصیات تاثیر یکسانی بر رفتار کارآفرینی افراد ندارد و برخی از آن­ها، که در این پژوهش صفات خاص نامیده شده اند، نقش پررنگ­تری در این خصوص دارند. از آنجایی که این خصیصه­ها بر ارائه توصیفات روشن­تری متمرکز هستند که در زمان و مکان یا نقش خاصی رخ می­دهد، اندازه اثر بزرگ­تری ایجاد می­نمایند. و لذا توسعه این خصیصه­ها می­تواند منجر به بهبود عملکرد کارآفرینان گردد. از دیگرسو، خلاقیت و خودکارآمدی به ترتیب رابطه قوی­تری با رفتار کارآفرینانه داشتند. به نظر می­رسد ایجاد یک کسب و کار جدید بیش از هرچیز مستلزم تفکری متفاوت از دیدگاه­های رایج است و به خلاقیت و نوآوری نیاز دارد. همچنین، لازم است تا فرد به توانمندی­های خود باور داشته باشد و به نقش موثر خود در تغییر شرایط اطمینان پیدا کند تا بدین ترتیب تردید­ها مانع از رفتار کارآفرینانه ایشان نگردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Meta-analysis of Studies on the Personality Characteristics of Entrepreneurs

نویسندگان [English]

  • elham asadi
  • hamidreza oreyzi
Department of psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective: Entrepreneurship, as the beating heart of economic activities, is affected by various factors. Personality characteristics of people are one of the most important factors that affect the performance of entrepreneurs, but its quality and quantity have not been the same in different researches. Using the meta-analysis approach, the present research aims to summarize the results of previous researches and statistically influence the role of personality traits by correcting unrealistic effects caused by sampling error and low reliability. Considering that there are different points of view for personality traits; This research, while integrating the studies, also examined the point which theoretical perspective has a greater impact on entrepreneurship.
Method: The current research is fundamental in terms of the nature of the goal; According to the collection of descriptive information and based on the nature of the research, it is a survey type For this purpose, the meta-analysis method was used, and internal and external researches related to the subject were used from databases such as Academic Jihad, Noor Magazines, Science and Information Technology Research Institute and Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar, as well as the article index site presented in Valid conventions and conferences were used. The measurement tool of this research was the meta-analysis checklist, and then the statistical data was analyzed through the meta-analysis software (second edition).
Results: The findings showed that the data are inconsistent and the lack of publication bias in the findings indicates the significance of the overall effect size. According to Cohen's table, the average effect size is at the medium level, and therefore it can be said that there is a significant relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurship. To be more precise, the results of the present study showed personality traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, adaptability, conscientiousness, openness to experience, which were proposed based on Costa & McCrae's theory, or internal control, success seeking, creativity, risk taking. , self-esteem and self-efficacy proposed by Rauch & Frese; It is related to the performance of entrepreneurs. In addition, comparing the two views of general traits and specific personality traits, the size of the effects related to the view of specific traits was larger. Also, among different personality traits, creativity and self-efficacy traits had a larger effect than other traits
Conclusion: It can be concluded that although personality traits are an important factor in the performance of entrepreneurs, however, all these traits do not have the same effect on the entrepreneurial behavior of people, and some of them, which are called special traits in this research, play a prominent role. They have more in this regard. Since these features focus on providing clearer descriptions that occur in a specific time and place or role, they create a larger effect size. And therefore, the development of these characteristics can lead to the improvement of the performance of entrepreneurs. On the other hand, creativity and self-efficacy had a stronger relationship with entrepreneurial behavior. It seems that creating a new business more than anything requires thinking different from common views and requires creativity and innovation. Also, it is necessary for a person to believe in her capabilities and to be confident in her effective role in changing the conditions so that doubts do not hinder her entrepreneurial behavior.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • meta-analysis
  • personality traits
  • entrepreneurship
  • self-efficacy
  • personality model of Frese
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