Designing Entrepreneurial Coaching Capabilities Model in Small and Medium-Sized Businesses

Nejadian, Mohammadali; Hosseini, Seyed Rasul; Khodabakhsh, Mohammad

doi:10.22059/jed.2025.396936.654539

Designing Entrepreneurial Coaching Capabilities Model in Small and Medium-Sized Businesses

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Mohammadali Nejadian ¹

Seyed Rasul Hosseini ²

mohammad khodabakhsh ³

¹ Department of Entrepreneurship, Qa.c., Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.

² Department of Educational Management, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran

³ Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

10.22059/jed.2025.396936.654539

Abstract

Objective: Entrepreneurial coaching is a developmental intervention designed for entrepreneurs at various stages of the entrepreneurial process, based on a collaborative relationship with a professional coach. The significance of entrepreneurial coaching lies in its ability to enhance resilience and improve performance outcomes for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Entrepreneurial coaching capabilities refer to structured support and guidance provided to entrepreneurs to enhance their decision-making, leadership, and overall business performance. Given that SMEs are recognized as key drivers of economic growth, effective coaching has become increasingly critical in helping these businesses navigate complex market challenges and capitalize on opportunities for innovation and expansion. This research aims to develop a model of entrepreneurial coaching capabilities.

Methodology: This applied research employed a meta-synthesis method based on document analysis. The seven-step framework of Sandowski and Barroso (2007) was used to conduct the study. The research parameters included the following: research questions ("What are the entrepreneurial coaching capabilities for coaches?" and "What are the entrepreneurial coaching capabilities for mentees?"), target population (Scopus database), study timeframe (2012–2025), and research method (internet-based search strategies). The keywords used in this study included capability, coaching, entrepreneurial coaching, entrepreneurial coaching capability, and SMEs. The search yielded a total of 3,456 keywords from English-language articles. A total of 62 articles were selected as the sample. The CASP tool was used to evaluate the studies. Additionally, Holsti’s reliability coefficient method was employed to assess the reliability of the meta-synthesis in terms of the coding performed. Through the extraction of concepts and the implementation of coding procedures, an expert panel consisting of three academic specialists was formed. This panel reviewed the initial codes and categories, ultimately proposing a conceptual framework of the categories.

Findings: This study analyzed the model of entrepreneurial coaching capabilities in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The dimensions and components of the model were identified and extracted using the meta-synthesis method. The meta-synthesis results revealed that existing literature categorizes entrepreneurial coaching capabilities into two dimensions: the coach and the Coachee. At the end of the open coding process, 262 concepts were labeled. During the axial coding phase, upon re-examining the concepts, sub-categories were identified and categorized. In the selective coding stage, the components identified in the axial coding phase were analyzed and classified into 14 main dimensions. The coaches' capabilities comprised six dimensions: entrepreneurial skills, psychological capabilities, strategic capabilities, operational capabilities, cognitive capabilities, and knowledge—encompassing 20 components and 103 indicators. The coaches' capabilities included eight dimensions: specialized knowledge, skills, operational capabilities, emotional capabilities, communication capabilities, functional capabilities, personal capabilities, and cognitive capabilities—consisting of 33 components and 159 indicators. Finally, the relationships between these capabilities were categorized into four key capability groups: Knowledge and Skill Transfer, Psychological Growth, Strategic Empowerment, Support and Personal Development.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that entrepreneurial coaching profoundly impacts coachees' success through four key capabilities: strategic empowerment, psychological growth, knowledge and skill transfer, and support and personal development. Among these, strategic empowerment serves as the core, playing a decisive role in guiding entrepreneurs' practical actions, while psychological growth and personal support provide the necessary foundation for resilience and motivation. Knowledge transfer bridges theory and practice. This dynamic interaction among capabilities ensures the effectiveness of coaching in SMEs.

Keywords

Entrepreneurial Coaching

Entrepreneurial Coaching Capabilities

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)

Subjects

Al-Buainain, S. (2017). An Innovation Study: Designing a Social Entrepreneurship Coaching Model for Entrepreneurs (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California). https://www.proquest.com/openview/fab32bbc650f159a060fd3b836da1a8c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

Appolloni, A., Mavisu, M., & Tarangapade, S. K. (2013). Service innovation in Indian knowledge-intensive business services: The Wipro case. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 10(3-4), 276-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2013.057434

Audet, J., & Couteret, P. (2012). Coaching the entrepreneur: features and success factors. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 19(3), 515-531.http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626001211250207

Azizi, M., & Goodarzi, A. (2016). Identifying the key competencies of business coaches. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 9(2), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.22059/jed.2016.60454 [In Persian]

Azizi, M., & Goodarzi, A. (2018). Development of human capital with a coaching approach: Specific competencies of business coaches. Quarterly Journal of Training & Development of Human Resources, (5), 97–116. https://www.sid.ir/paper/255562/fa [In Persian]

Azizi, M., & Hosseinloo, H. (2020). The achievements of entrepreneurial coaching in small and medium businesses. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 13(3), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.22059/jed.2020.296710.653262 [In Persian]

Azizi, M., Hosseinloo, H., Maley, J. F., & Dabić, M. (2023). Entrepreneurial coaching for innovation in SMEs: development and validation of a measurement scale. European Journal of Innovation Management, 26(7), 696-714. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-07-2023-0546

Azizi, M., Vakili, Y., & Hosseinloo, H. (2020). Designing an entrepreneurial coaching model in small and medium companies (Case study: Pharmaceutical industry). Career and Organizational Counseling, 12(43), 173–198. https://doi.org/10.52547/jcoc.12.2.173 [In Persian]

Azubuike, C. M., Olubejide, I. S., & Jeje, E. (2024). Entrepreneurship Leadership Coaching: Indigenous Nigerian Approach. In Critical Perspectives on the Intersections of Coaching and Leadership (pp. 188-207). IGI Global. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1086-1.ch009

Bachkirova, T., & Borrington, S. (2019). Old wine in new bottles: Exploring pragmatism as a philosophical framework for the discipline of coaching. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 18(3), 337-360. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2017.0268

Bakhtiari, M., & Hosseini-Nia, G. (2023). Designing a model of business coaches' self-efficacy in the future labor market (A phenomenological study). Entrepreneurship and Innovation Research, 2(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.22034/eir.2023.183927 [In Persian]

Barrager, S. M. (2016). A new engineering profession is emerging: decision coach. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 44(2), 33-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2016.2568765

Bloem, S. (2022). The perceived impact of entrepreneurial coaching in the decision making of entrepreneurs within South African SMMEs (Doctoral dissertation, Wits Business School). https://hdl.handle.net/10539/37267

Boak, G., & Crabbe, S. (2019). Evaluating the impact of coaching skills training on individual and corporate behaviour. European journal of training and development, 43(1/2), 153-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2018-0058

Bozer, G., & Jones, R. J. (2018). Understanding the factors that determine workplace coaching effectiveness: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(3), 342-361. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1446946

Brinkley, M. L., & Le Roux, I. L. (2018). Coaching as a support function for potential entrepreneurs. The Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, 10(1), 1-12.http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v10i1.99

Busch, C., Dreyer, R., & Janneck, M. (2021). Blended recovery and burnout coaching for small-business copreneurs. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 73(1), 65.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000198

Cerruti, C., Tavoletti, E., & Grieco, C. (2019). Management consulting: a review of fifty years of scholarly research. Management Research Review, 42(8), 902-925. DOI: 10.1108/MRR-03-2018-0100

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_609332/objava_105202/fajlovi/Creswell.pdf

Crompton, B. (2012). The effect of business coaching and mentoring on small-to-medium enterprise performance and growth (Doctoral dissertation, RMIT University).https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15625641.pdf

Crompton, B. M., & Smyrnios, K. X. (2011). What difference does business coaching make to entrepreneurs’ firm performance and future growth? In 56th Annual International Council of Small Business World Conference, Stockholm, Sweden (pp. 1-20). https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net

Cronjé, J. P. (2024). Exploring the contribution of an integrated coaching and mentoring framework to develop entrepreneurial self-efficacy in survival-driven entrepreneurs (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch University).https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/131627

De Haro García, J. M. (2012).https://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/English/2140.pdf Executive coaching results: A classification proposal. Papeles del Psicólogo, 33(3), 221-226.

Delbufalo, E., Appolloni, A., & Cerruti, C. (2013). Strategic and organisational determinants of performance in Italian management consulting firms. International Journal of Globalisation and small business,5(1-2),78-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJGSB.2013.050488

Diermann, I., & Kotte, S. C. (2021). Entrepreneurial Coaching: A Systematic Literature Review. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2021, No. 1, p. 11525). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2021.11525

Diller, S. J., Brantl, M., & Jonas, E. (2022). More than working alliance: exploring the relationship in entrepreneurial coaching. Coaching| Theorie & Praxis, 8(1), 59-75.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1365/s40896-022-00066-8

Diller, S. J., Brantl, M., & Jonas, E. (2022). More than working alliance: Exploring the relationship in entrepreneurial coaching. Coaching| Theorie & Praxis, 8(1), 59-75.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1365/s40896-022-00066-8

Dobrea, M., & Maiorescu, I. (2015). Entrepreneurial outcomes and organisational performance through business coaching. Amfiteatru Economic Journal, 17(38), 247-260. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283226247_Entrepreneurial_Outcomes_and_Organisational_Performance_through_Business_Coaching

Faramarzi, M., Mohammadi Elyasi, G., & Talebi, K. (2022). Identifying the framework for selecting the coaching style of high-growth business managers. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 15(3), 522–538. https://doi.org/10.22059/jed.2022.319765.653616 [In Persian]

Faghih, N., Bonyadi, E. & Sarreshtehdari, L. Comparison of the entrepreneurial motivation in different economic groups. J Glob Entrepr Res 11, 29–39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-021-00268-z

Fillery‐Travis, A., & Lane, D. A. (2020). Does coaching work or are we asking the wrong question?. Coaching Researched: A Coaching Psychology Reader, 47-63.http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsicpr.2006.1.1.23

Fontes, A., & Dello Russo, S. (2021). An experimental field study on the effects of coaching: The mediating role of psychological capital. Applied Psychology, 70(2), 459-488.https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12260

Fredholm, J. K., van de Kerkhof, C., & Creation, N. V. (2020). Entrepreneurial coaching & well-being. https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/9013912

Gabriel, A. S., Moran, C. M., & Gregory, J. B. (2014). How can humanistic coaching affect employee well-being and performance? An application of self-determination theory. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 7(1), 56-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521882.2014.889184

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2024). GEM 2023/2024 global report – 25 years and growing. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/global-entrepreneurship-monitor-gem-20232024-global-report-25-years-and-growing

Goulding, C. (1999). Grounded Theory: some reflections on paradigm, procedures and misconceptionshttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/32116385_Grounded_Theory_Some_Reflections_on_Paradigm_Procedures_and_Misconceptions

Grant, A. M. (2013). The efficacy of coaching. In J. Passmore, D. B. Peterson, & T. Freire (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the psychology of coaching and mentoring (pp. 15-39). John Wiley & Sons. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300845383_The_Efficacy_of_Coachinghttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/300845383_The_Efficacy_of_Coaching

Hinkelmann, H., O’Connor, S., & Passmore, J. (2024). Coaching entrepreneurs towards growth: an experimental design study of coaching effectiveness for business leaders’ psychological capabilities. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 1-18.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17521882.2024.2348449

Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley (content analysis). https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573387449369524864

IDRIS, M. M. B., & ABU BAKAR, S. B. (2020). Perceived usefulness of business coaching on the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies and business success. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(10), 329-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.n10.329

Imane, M., Fatima, T., Salma, I., & Hamza, M. (2024). Entrepreneurial Coaching: Contributing to The Performance and Curbing the Obstacles to Innovation of Small and Medium Enterprises in Africa. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(1), e05935-e05935. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-102

Jarosz, J. (2023). The Cube of Coaching Effectiveness. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching & Mentoring, 21(1). 10.24384/gkny-df71

Jayaraman, N., Khorana, A., Nelling, E., & Covin, J. (2000). CEO founder status and firm financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 21(12), 1215-1224. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200012)21:12%3C1215::AID-SMJ146%3E3.0.CO;2-0

Kapoutzis, N., Whiley, L. A., Yarker, J., & Lewis, R. (2024). Coaching culture: an evidence review and framework for future research and practice. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 17(1), 50-76.https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/17521882.2023.2250458

Khosravi Mehr, R., Hadi, V., Jafarnejad, M., & Mousavi, Z. (2021). Empowering human resources with a coaching approach. National Conference on Organizational and Management Research. https://sid.ir/paper/900469/fa [In Persian]

Kim, S., & Kuo, M. H. (2015). Examining the relationships among coaching, trustworthiness, and role behaviors: A social exchange perspective. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51(2), 152-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886315574884

Koopman, R. G. (2013, November). Coaching and mentoring entrepreneurs: more definitions won't work. In RENT XXVII-Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business 2013: Entrepreneurship, institutions and competitiveness. https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/13051070/Coaching%20and%20mentoring%20entrepreneurs-%20more%20definitions%20won_t%20work%20def.pdf

Kotte, S., Diermann, I., Rosing, K., & Möller, H. (2021). Entrepreneurial coaching: A two‐dimensional framework in context. Applied Psychology, 70(2), 518-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12264

Kroeze, G. (2022). Entrepreneurial Coaching: how processes vary to reach entrepreneur’s and investors’ goals in SMEs (Master's thesis, University of Twente).https://purl.utwente.nl/essays/89287

Lai, Y. L. (2014). Enhancing evidence-based coaching through the development of a coaching psychology competency framework: Focus on the coaching relationship. University of Surrey (United Kingdom). https://www.proquest.com/openview/43a1e125b49e55fb34fa32dad427b020/1?pq origsite=gscholar&cbl=51922&diss=y

LaRue, L., Mäkikangas, A., & de Bloom, J. (2024). Entrepreneur coaches’ flow and well-being: the role of recovery. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 17(2), 265-282.https://doi.org/10.1080/17521882.2024.2332188

Mafi, B., Mohammadi Elyasi, G., & Rezaeizadeh, M. (2020). The impact of coaching methods on the entrepreneurial behavior of startup entrepreneurs in accelerators. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 13(1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.22059/jed.2020.297934.653273 [In Persian]

Mansoori, Y., Karlsson, T., & Lundqvist, M. (2019). The influence of the lean startup methodology on entrepreneur-coach relationships in the context of a startup accelerator. Technovation, 84, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2019.03.001

Maritz, J. (2013). Taming the wild west of business coaching training: An emerging conceptual framework. Acta Commercii, 13(1), 1-11.http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ac.v13i1.174

Marras, G., Opizzi, M., & Loi, M. (2024). Understanding the multifunctional role of entrepreneurial coaching through a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Managerial Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMP-01-2023-0070

Marvel, M. R., Webster, B. D., Kuratko, D. F., & Audretsch, D. B. (2025). Matching entrepreneurs with coaches to ignite entrepreneurial learning. Small Business Economics, 1-23.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9627-3

Matekenya, W., & Moyo, C. (2022). Innovation as a driver of SMME performance in South Africa: a quantile regression approach. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 13(3), 452-467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-06-2021-0306

Mbokota, G., & Myres, K. (2024). Coach competencies to facilitate transformative learning: a multiple case study involving public-sector executives in South Africa. Human Resource Development International, 1-31.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2024.2365447

McKevitt, D., & Marshall, D. (2015). The legitimacy of entrepreneurial mentoring. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 21(2), 263-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-05-2014-0089

Mihiotis, A., & Argirou, N. (2016). Coaching: from challenge to opportunity. Journal of Management Development, 35(4), 448-463.https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1108/JMD-10-2014-0139

Molema, L., Hlatshwayo, E., & Ebewo, P. (2024). Entrepreneurial Coaching for the Development of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy in Women Entrepreneurs. IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development), 7(2), 238-245http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v7i2.2534

Mühlberger, M. D., & Traut-Mattausch, E. (2015). Leading to effectiveness: Comparing dyadic coaching and group coaching. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51(2), 198-230. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0021886315574331

Ndlovu, E. N., Ebewo, P. E., Mlotshwa, S. H., & Shumba, K. (2025). Entrepreneurial Coaching and Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review of Its Pedagogical Integration into Entrepreneurship Education. Education Sciences, 15(2), 237.https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020237

Ndlovu-Hlatshwayo, E., & Msimango-Galawe, J. (2023). The Critical Success Factors for Entrepreneurial Coaching in South African Business Incubators. Jurnal Maksipreneur: Manajemen, Koperasi, dan Entrepreneurship, 13(1), 56-72. https://ejournal.up45.ac.id/index.php/maksipreneur/article/view/1520

Ng, H.Y., Tan, P.S., & Lim, Y.G. (2018). Methodology for Digitalization - A Conceptual Model. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM) (1269-1273). http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2018.8607457

Nicholls-Nixon, C. L., & Maxheimer, M. M. (2022). How coaching services help early stage entrepreneurs: an exploration of gender differences. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 29(5), 742-763.http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-09-2021-0355

NK Saunders, M., E. Gray, D., & Goregaokar, H. (2013). SME innovation and learning: the role of networks and crisis events. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(1/2), 136-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2013-0073

Nolan, C. T., & Garavan, T. N. (2016). Human resource development in SMEs: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(1), 85-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12062

Nejadian, M. A., Hosseini, S. R., & Khodabakhsh, M. (2025). Designing a Model for Assessing Entrepreneurial Coaching Capabilities in Small and Medium-sized businesses in the Food Industry (Doctoral dissertation). Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch.

Pekkan, N. Ü. (2018). Is it possible to improve self-efficacy with coaching? International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 9(33), 2017-2032. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328162764_IS_IT_POSSIBLE_TO_IMPROVE_SELF-EFFICACY_WITH_COACHING

Pollock, A., & Berge, E. (2018). How to do a systematic review. International Journal of Stroke, 13(2), 138-156.https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493017743796

Pousa, C., & Mathieu, A. (2015). Is managerial coaching a source of competitive advantage? Promoting employee self-regulation through coaching. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 8(1), 20-35. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-08790-004

Pratikto, H., Winarno, A., & Restuningdiah, N. (2023). The role of entrepreneurial competencies: successful key SMEs a literature review. International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev., 8(7),http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i7.1955

Qiyafe Davoudi, Z., Chit Saz, E., & Mobaraki, M. H. (2024). Improving entrepreneurial mindsets through cognitive-behavioral coaching: An interventional-corrective strategy from the perspective of experts. Entrepreneurship Education and Management, 3(2), 69–92. https://doi.org/10.22126/eme.2024.10112.1085 [In Persian]

Rafaelsen, V. G., & Lindqvist, M. H. (2025). Perspective chapter: Entrepreneurial coaching as a framework for enhancing participation and lifelong learning in preschool education. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood Education and Care, 103.DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.1007433

Ramos De Jesus Pereira, M. (2015). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EFFECTIVE COACHING AND ATHLETES'PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR OWN CAPABILITIES. Journal of Social & Psychological Sciences, 8(2).http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2015.1074630

Rens, V., Iwu, C. G., Tengeh, R. K., & Esambe, E. E. (2021). SMEs, economic growth, and business incubation conundrum in South Africa. A literature appraisal. Journal of Management and Research,8(2),214-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.29145/jmr/82/08

Richter, S., Van Zyl, L. E., Roll, L. C., & Stander, M. W. (2021). Positive psychological coaching tools and techniques: A systematic review and classification. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 667200.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.667200

Saadaoui, S., & Affess, H. (2015). Evaluating the role of coaching on developing entrepreneurial self-efficacy. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(11), 54-61.https://www.academia.edu/18372803/EVALUATING_THE_ROLE_OF_COACHING_ON_DEVELOPING_ENTREPRENEURIAL_SELF_EFFICACY

Salem, A. B. (2022). Entrepreneurial coaching mediating relationship between TQM soft practices and firm performance: cases of certified Tunisian companies. The TQM Journal, 35(8), 2322-2335.http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/TQM-08-2022-0271

Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. Pearson education. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1903646

Schermuly, C. C., Wach, D., Kirschbaum, C., & Wegge, J. (2021). Coaching of insolvent entrepreneurs and the change in coping resources, health, and cognitive performance. Applied Psychology, 70(2), 556-574. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/apps.12244

Schutte, F. (2019). Business coaching: A hen with ducklings. South African Journal of Business Management, 50(1), 1-7.http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v50i1.398

Schutte, F., & Direng, T. (2019). Incubation of entrepreneurs contributes to business growth and job creation: a Botswana case study.https://www.abacademies.org/articles/incubation-of-entrepreneurs-contributes-to-business-growth-and-job-creation-a-botswana-case-study-8573.html

Sheehan, M., N. Garavan, T., & Carbery, R. (2013). Innovation and human resource development (HRD). European journal of training and development, 38(1/2), 2-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-11-2013-0128

Stephan, U. (2018). Entrepreneurs’ mental health and well-being: A review and research agenda. Academy of Management Perspectives, 32(3), 290-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amp.2017.0001

Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1997). Grounded theory in practice. Sage. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-08674-000

Suhartanto, E. (2024). The Impacts of Coaching on Innovative Food Business Performance: A Study of Indonesian Entrepreneurship Development Program.https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0737-8500

Ting, S. X., Feng, L., & Qin, W. (2017). The effect of entrepreneur mentoring and its determinants in the Chinese context. Management Decision, 55(7), 1410-1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2016-0477

Tsai, L., & Barr, J. (2021). Coaching in small and medium business sectors (SMEs): a narrative systematic review. Small Enterprise Research, 28(1), 1-22.https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1878384

Van Rensburg, L. J. (2013). The Influence of Coaching on Entrepreneurial Goal-setting Behaviour (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa).https://uir.unisa.ac.za/items/06d1b8cd-4fe1-4eb9-9aaa-2098dc516b56

Weinberg, F. J., & Scandura, T. (2024). Advancing the future of workplace development: integrative approaches to mentoring and coaching. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 39(6), 832-843.http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2024-717

Wu, C. F. (2016). The relationship between business ethics diffusion, knowledge sharing and service innovation. Management Decision, 54(6), 1343-1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MD-01-2016-0009

Yurtseven, N., & Altun, S. (2016). Understanding by Design (UbD) in EFL Teaching: The Investigation of Students' Foreign Language Learning Motivation and Views. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(3), 51-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i3.1204