Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Digital Marketing Drivers for Women Empowered by Relief Committee in Home-Based BusinessesDigital Marketing Drivers for Women Empowered by Relief Committee in Home-Based Businesses1259648310.22059/jed.2024.369121.654300FAATDepartment of Business Management, Faculty of Social Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.MahammadBashokuhDepartment of Business Management, Faculty of Social Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran,Journal Article20240125<strong>Objective:</strong> <strong>:</strong> Home-based businesses serve as vital sources for creating significant employment opportunities. They can contribute to reducing unemployment rates in a region and lead to the development of the local economy. However, for survival and achieving high economic and competitive results, a complete overhaul of development strategies and transitioning to digital activities is required. Digital technologies and the opportunities they create are the main drivers of businesses, gradually changing traditional methods, approaches, and tools in managing organizational activities across various functional domains. Additionally, digital marketing can further enhance the development of these businesses.<br /><strong>Method:</strong> The present research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative elements with a practical goal in mind. The qualitative section utilizes grounded theory, while the quantitative part employs structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach for data collection and analysis. In the qualitative section, a three-stage coding method, including open, axial, and selective coding, is used for encoding the conducted interviews. The study population includes women under the coverage of the relief committee who have initiated home-based businesses, marketing professors, digital marketing experts, and professionals with over 5 years of experience in marketing companies. Sixteen interviews were conducted in the qualitative phase, reaching theoretical saturation, and 234 participants were selected randomly using simple random sampling and Cochran's formula in the quantitative section. Data collection tools consist of unstructured interviews in the qualitative section and a semi-structured questionnaire in the quantitative section.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> According to the results obtained from the qualitative section, the model derived comprises four main components: women's entry into home-based businesses, entrepreneurial empowerment, digital marketing strategies, and entrepreneurial capacity. The core code of entrepreneurial empowerment has a central code of social participation and four primary codes: customer relations, skills and knowledge, dynamic adaptability, and social competence. Furthermore, digital marketing strategies consist of two central codes: digital infrastructure, including software and hardware foundations, and the potential of online advertising. Internal organizational capabilities include digital entrepreneurial skills and digital marketing knowledge. Finally, the core code of entrepreneurial capacity comprises two central codes: laws and regulations, including digital laws and regulations, strengthening distribution channels, and enhancing information technology infrastructure. Government support includes providing financial facilities in the digital realm and government incentives for committee women. According to the results, the core code of entrepreneurial empowerment, with a coefficient of 0.533, digital marketing strategies with two central codes, digital infrastructure (coefficient: 0.398), and entrepreneurial capacity with two central codes, laws and regulations, and government support (coefficient: 0.346), have a direct relationship with women's entry into home-based businesses in the digital marketing space.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Given that women under the coverage of the relief committee are generally without male providers in their households and have lower educational levels, it is essential to empower them to undergo transformation, breaking their dependence on governmental centers such as the relief committee and other social sectors. Therefore, having a social network willing to motivate you can help and provide positive energy. Additionally, management, planning, and business performance monitoring skills are of paramount importance. These skills assist home entrepreneurs in managing their businesses effectively and enable them to create and implement effective digital marketing strategies to attract customers and grow. Overall, these factors can contribute to helping home entrepreneurs develop their businesses in the digital world.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Objective:</strong> <strong>:</strong> Home-based businesses serve as vital sources for creating significant employment opportunities. They can contribute to reducing unemployment rates in a region and lead to the development of the local economy. However, for survival and achieving high economic and competitive results, a complete overhaul of development strategies and transitioning to digital activities is required. Digital technologies and the opportunities they create are the main drivers of businesses, gradually changing traditional methods, approaches, and tools in managing organizational activities across various functional domains. Additionally, digital marketing can further enhance the development of these businesses.<br /><strong>Method:</strong> The present research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative elements with a practical goal in mind. The qualitative section utilizes grounded theory, while the quantitative part employs structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach for data collection and analysis. In the qualitative section, a three-stage coding method, including open, axial, and selective coding, is used for encoding the conducted interviews. The study population includes women under the coverage of the relief committee who have initiated home-based businesses, marketing professors, digital marketing experts, and professionals with over 5 years of experience in marketing companies. Sixteen interviews were conducted in the qualitative phase, reaching theoretical saturation, and 234 participants were selected randomly using simple random sampling and Cochran's formula in the quantitative section. Data collection tools consist of unstructured interviews in the qualitative section and a semi-structured questionnaire in the quantitative section.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> According to the results obtained from the qualitative section, the model derived comprises four main components: women's entry into home-based businesses, entrepreneurial empowerment, digital marketing strategies, and entrepreneurial capacity. The core code of entrepreneurial empowerment has a central code of social participation and four primary codes: customer relations, skills and knowledge, dynamic adaptability, and social competence. Furthermore, digital marketing strategies consist of two central codes: digital infrastructure, including software and hardware foundations, and the potential of online advertising. Internal organizational capabilities include digital entrepreneurial skills and digital marketing knowledge. Finally, the core code of entrepreneurial capacity comprises two central codes: laws and regulations, including digital laws and regulations, strengthening distribution channels, and enhancing information technology infrastructure. Government support includes providing financial facilities in the digital realm and government incentives for committee women. According to the results, the core code of entrepreneurial empowerment, with a coefficient of 0.533, digital marketing strategies with two central codes, digital infrastructure (coefficient: 0.398), and entrepreneurial capacity with two central codes, laws and regulations, and government support (coefficient: 0.346), have a direct relationship with women's entry into home-based businesses in the digital marketing space.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Given that women under the coverage of the relief committee are generally without male providers in their households and have lower educational levels, it is essential to empower them to undergo transformation, breaking their dependence on governmental centers such as the relief committee and other social sectors. Therefore, having a social network willing to motivate you can help and provide positive energy. Additionally, management, planning, and business performance monitoring skills are of paramount importance. These skills assist home entrepreneurs in managing their businesses effectively and enable them to create and implement effective digital marketing strategies to attract customers and grow. Overall, these factors can contribute to helping home entrepreneurs develop their businesses in the digital world.<br /><strong> </strong>https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96483_6e0a998aa8b0e1b1be2445b6c80b535b.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Designing a Paradigm Model to Improve Business Development Services in Business ClustersDesigning a Paradigm Model to Improve Business Development Services in Business Clusters26709627110.22059/jed.2024.363041.654239FAAmirHajipourDepartment of Management, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.0009-0005-5484-7228HamidAzizmohammadlouDepartment of Accounting, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.0000-0002-5062-5549NaserKhaniDepartment of Management, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.BitaYazdaniDepartment of Management, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.Journal Article20231031<strong>Objective:</strong> Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in sustainable development and economic growth. These types of businesses significantly contribute to gross domestic product (GDP) generation, employment creation, income production, and poverty reduction in both developing and developed countries. Business clusters, as groups of commercial and non-commercial entities in a geographical location, collaborate in the production of similar and related products, establishing vertical and horizontal communications, and often engage in collective cooperation and joint initiatives. Cluster formation facilitates coordination in local networks among industries, universities, and other factors within a region, enabling them to gain competitive advantages over other regions. Business clusters require business development services to effectively harness the potential and resources of the region. A business cluster comprises not only member companies but also organizations, raw material suppliers, subcontractors, buyers, exporters, machinery suppliers, various support institutions, consultants, public services, transportation system-related units, and other business development service providers. The present research aims to provide a paradigmatic model for improving business development services in business clusters. It seeks to answer the question of how an appropriate model for enhancing business development services in business clusters looks like and what components it encompasses.<br /> <strong>Method:</strong> This research is categorized as goal-oriented, practical, and, in terms of nature, exploratory, employing a qualitative and data-driven research method. The statistical population comprises experts, stakeholders in the field of business clusters, and consultants based in business advisory centers nationwide in the year 2022. The sample was selected using purposive theoretical sampling, totaling 16 participants. The primary data collection tool consisted of semi-structured in-depth interviews, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. In addition to interviews, written sources were also utilized. Furthermore, online documents were examined through searches in databases and online resources, reviewing articles and relevant materials on the topic to obtain new and updated information. To ensure the research's validity, efforts were made to select a statistical sample of individuals with the necessary knowledge and expertise in the research field. Additionally, researchers' intervention in the study was minimized as much as possible. The findings of the interviews were provided to the participants (interviewees) after implementation for them to express their opinions regarding the accuracy and reliability. The validity of interview questions was confirmed using a content validity method, and its reliability was verified through a test-retest method (82.0). For data analysis, the MAXQDA 2020 qualitative analysis software package was employed.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> In this research, the collected data from semi-structured in-depth interviews underwent a three-stage coding process, including open, axial, and selective coding. In the open, axial, and selective coding stages, 1367 raw codes related to the main axes of the phenomenon, causal factors, contextual factors, intervening factors, impactful strategies, and implementation consequences of the extraction model were analyzed. After completing the coding stages, 66 core themes were confirmed as final themes and categorized into 17 main themes. In the domain of the central phenomenon, 1 main theme and 6 core themes, in the domain of influential factors, 2 main themes and 5 core themes, in the domain of contextual factors, 4 main themes and 16 core themes, in the domain of intervening factors, 5 main themes and 16 core themes, and in the domain of impactful strategies, 4 main themes and 20 core themes were identified. In the field of consequences, 1 main theme and 3 core themes were also identified as the most important components shaping the improvement of business development services in business clusters.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This research has proposed a paradigmatic model for enhancing business development services in business clusters.Top of Form<br /> The research findings demonstrate that the theoretical model of enhancing business development services, derived from the results of open and axial coding, articulates that business development services are influenced by contextual conditions, such as the demand and supply status of business services, contextual factors including institutional structures, political and economic factors, organizational functions and supporting institutions, and intervening conditions, such as the involvement of industrial estates, stakeholders, monitoring and evaluation, features and performance of the cluster development management group, empowerment, and trust-building, information, and communication. These factors create conditions that encompass a diverse range of actions and interactions related to business development services, including the creation and development of both hard and soft structures, networking among stakeholders, and diversification of the business development services domain. The consequences are also examined and evaluated at the macro, cluster, and business levels. Ultimately, the improvement of business development services has been chosen as the central theme, integrating and comprehensively examining other themes.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Objective:</strong> Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in sustainable development and economic growth. These types of businesses significantly contribute to gross domestic product (GDP) generation, employment creation, income production, and poverty reduction in both developing and developed countries. Business clusters, as groups of commercial and non-commercial entities in a geographical location, collaborate in the production of similar and related products, establishing vertical and horizontal communications, and often engage in collective cooperation and joint initiatives. Cluster formation facilitates coordination in local networks among industries, universities, and other factors within a region, enabling them to gain competitive advantages over other regions. Business clusters require business development services to effectively harness the potential and resources of the region. A business cluster comprises not only member companies but also organizations, raw material suppliers, subcontractors, buyers, exporters, machinery suppliers, various support institutions, consultants, public services, transportation system-related units, and other business development service providers. The present research aims to provide a paradigmatic model for improving business development services in business clusters. It seeks to answer the question of how an appropriate model for enhancing business development services in business clusters looks like and what components it encompasses.<br /> <strong>Method:</strong> This research is categorized as goal-oriented, practical, and, in terms of nature, exploratory, employing a qualitative and data-driven research method. The statistical population comprises experts, stakeholders in the field of business clusters, and consultants based in business advisory centers nationwide in the year 2022. The sample was selected using purposive theoretical sampling, totaling 16 participants. The primary data collection tool consisted of semi-structured in-depth interviews, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. In addition to interviews, written sources were also utilized. Furthermore, online documents were examined through searches in databases and online resources, reviewing articles and relevant materials on the topic to obtain new and updated information. To ensure the research's validity, efforts were made to select a statistical sample of individuals with the necessary knowledge and expertise in the research field. Additionally, researchers' intervention in the study was minimized as much as possible. The findings of the interviews were provided to the participants (interviewees) after implementation for them to express their opinions regarding the accuracy and reliability. The validity of interview questions was confirmed using a content validity method, and its reliability was verified through a test-retest method (82.0). For data analysis, the MAXQDA 2020 qualitative analysis software package was employed.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> In this research, the collected data from semi-structured in-depth interviews underwent a three-stage coding process, including open, axial, and selective coding. In the open, axial, and selective coding stages, 1367 raw codes related to the main axes of the phenomenon, causal factors, contextual factors, intervening factors, impactful strategies, and implementation consequences of the extraction model were analyzed. After completing the coding stages, 66 core themes were confirmed as final themes and categorized into 17 main themes. In the domain of the central phenomenon, 1 main theme and 6 core themes, in the domain of influential factors, 2 main themes and 5 core themes, in the domain of contextual factors, 4 main themes and 16 core themes, in the domain of intervening factors, 5 main themes and 16 core themes, and in the domain of impactful strategies, 4 main themes and 20 core themes were identified. In the field of consequences, 1 main theme and 3 core themes were also identified as the most important components shaping the improvement of business development services in business clusters.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This research has proposed a paradigmatic model for enhancing business development services in business clusters.Top of Form<br /> The research findings demonstrate that the theoretical model of enhancing business development services, derived from the results of open and axial coding, articulates that business development services are influenced by contextual conditions, such as the demand and supply status of business services, contextual factors including institutional structures, political and economic factors, organizational functions and supporting institutions, and intervening conditions, such as the involvement of industrial estates, stakeholders, monitoring and evaluation, features and performance of the cluster development management group, empowerment, and trust-building, information, and communication. These factors create conditions that encompass a diverse range of actions and interactions related to business development services, including the creation and development of both hard and soft structures, networking among stakeholders, and diversification of the business development services domain. The consequences are also examined and evaluated at the macro, cluster, and business levels. Ultimately, the improvement of business development services has been chosen as the central theme, integrating and comprehensively examining other themes.<br /><strong> </strong>https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96271_978d933ae16fd998943ae387c8b0c987.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Providing a Business Development Service framework (BDS) for knowledge-based and innovative companiesProviding a Business Development Service framework (BDS) for knowledge-based and innovative companies71959349110.22059/jed.2023.355355.654142FAMohammadKhademi KolahlouDepartment of Society and Progress , Technology Studies Institute,Tehran, Iran.MohammadKhademi KolahlouDepartment of Inovation Policy and Foresight, Technology Studies Institute,Tehran, IranMiladPourzareDepartment of Society and Progress , Technology Studies Institute,Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-2782-0028Journal Article20220808<strong>Objective:</strong> The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and providing the framework of business development services required by knowledge-based and innovative companies..<br /><strong>Method:</strong> This research is applied and<strong> </strong>it is included in the category of combined research (qualitative-quantitative) that was done in a mixed exploratory way<strong>.</strong> The qualitative part of the research was conducted using the systematic literature review method, and during an eight-step process, a total of 183 documents were identified in the period of 1975-2022, and after the document monitoring process, 24 documents were finally selected and analyzed as samples of the qualitative part. Data collection and analysis continued until reaching theoretical saturation and document analysis. The quantitative part of the research was also done by descriptive method and using the survey method. 96 managers and employees of knowledge-based companies, as well as consultants and business development service providers who provided services to these companies in 2022, participated in the research and were selected by available sampling method. The data obtained from the systematic literature review were analyzed by primary and secondary coding methods, and the collected quantitative data were analyzed with the Smart-PLS3 software. The validity of the qualitative part of the research was estimated using two criteria of internal and external integration and using two techniques of ecological validity and member validity. In the quantitative part of the research, validity was calculated using construct and convergent validity, and reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha, homogenous reliability and composite reliability index.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The findings of the qualitative section were presented in the form of six major service components (dimension) and 54 components of service development required by knowledge-based and innovative companies. The findings of the quantitative part also indicated that the dimensions and components counted regarding the business development services of knowledge-based companies are sufficiently valid from the perspective of the participants, and the services identified by the participants in the quantitative part of the research were evaluated as important.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This research provides a framework for providing business development services to knowledge-based and innovative companies. The proposed research framework, while providing a diverse set of material and spiritual support needed for the development of knowledge-based and innovative companies, can be useful for policy makers and leaders of government institutions that seek to support knowledge-based businesses. The mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative) used in the research provides a reliable framework for increasing the support of government organizations for knowledge-based business and better understanding of companies' needs to business development services<strong>.</strong><strong>Objective:</strong> The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and providing the framework of business development services required by knowledge-based and innovative companies..<br /><strong>Method:</strong> This research is applied and<strong> </strong>it is included in the category of combined research (qualitative-quantitative) that was done in a mixed exploratory way<strong>.</strong> The qualitative part of the research was conducted using the systematic literature review method, and during an eight-step process, a total of 183 documents were identified in the period of 1975-2022, and after the document monitoring process, 24 documents were finally selected and analyzed as samples of the qualitative part. Data collection and analysis continued until reaching theoretical saturation and document analysis. The quantitative part of the research was also done by descriptive method and using the survey method. 96 managers and employees of knowledge-based companies, as well as consultants and business development service providers who provided services to these companies in 2022, participated in the research and were selected by available sampling method. The data obtained from the systematic literature review were analyzed by primary and secondary coding methods, and the collected quantitative data were analyzed with the Smart-PLS3 software. The validity of the qualitative part of the research was estimated using two criteria of internal and external integration and using two techniques of ecological validity and member validity. In the quantitative part of the research, validity was calculated using construct and convergent validity, and reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha, homogenous reliability and composite reliability index.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The findings of the qualitative section were presented in the form of six major service components (dimension) and 54 components of service development required by knowledge-based and innovative companies. The findings of the quantitative part also indicated that the dimensions and components counted regarding the business development services of knowledge-based companies are sufficiently valid from the perspective of the participants, and the services identified by the participants in the quantitative part of the research were evaluated as important.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This research provides a framework for providing business development services to knowledge-based and innovative companies. The proposed research framework, while providing a diverse set of material and spiritual support needed for the development of knowledge-based and innovative companies, can be useful for policy makers and leaders of government institutions that seek to support knowledge-based businesses. The mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative) used in the research provides a reliable framework for increasing the support of government organizations for knowledge-based business and better understanding of companies' needs to business development services<strong>.</strong>https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_93491_d8391fad2412df0cfadf44440483e321.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304A Meta-Synthesis on Determinants of Re-entrepreneurship by Failed EntrepreneursA Meta-Synthesis on Determinants of Re-entrepreneurship by Failed Entrepreneurs961159538910.22059/jed.2024.351388.654097FAMostafaMohseni KiasariDepartment of Industrial Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.ZohreNikrouyDepartment of Science and Technology Policy, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.JavadMashayekhAssistant professor, School of Management, Economics and Progress Engineering, Iran University of Science and TechnologyJournal Article20230808<strong>Objective: </strong>One of the most critical challenges that an entrepreneur may encounter is failure, resulting in the closure of a business that fails to meet the expected financial goals. Learning from the experience of entrepreneurial failure can offer valuable opportunities for change and motivate entrepreneurs to re-enter the industry. Entrepreneurs can learn from their failures, enhance their ability to recognize and pursue opportunities, and consequently improve their performance when re-entering entrepreneurship. Research on entrepreneurial performance has primarily focused on first-time entrepreneurship, with less attention given to entrepreneurs with prior entrepreneurial experience who start a new business after a setback. Existing research in the field of entrepreneurship overlooks the significance of investigating failure scenarios, but turning failure into a "springboard for success" is a valuable topic that can inspire and support the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs, increase the likelihood of success in entrepreneurship, and encourage ongoing entrepreneurial endeavors. This topic has received sporadic attention from various researchers, but a comprehensive framework for categorizing these factors has not yet been provided. The aim of this study is to identify and categorize the factors influencing the re-entrepreneurship of failed entrepreneurs using a qualitative approach. Therefore, the primary question of this research is: What are the determinants of re-entrepreneurship by failed entrepreneurs?<br /><strong>Method:</strong> This research is applied in terms of purpose, and utilizes a library research method that relies on secondary data. The approach to the study of primary data is comprehensive and interpretive. The Sandelowski's meta-synthesis method was employed to carry out this research, and relevant studies from reputable international scientific databases were reviewed. The quality of the identified articles was assessed using various criteria, including the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Ultimately, 38 articles published between 1991 and 2020 that met the criteria were identified and analyzed.<br /><strong>Findings</strong>: Content analysis of these articles revealed that the factors influencing re-entrepreneurship can be categorized into two main components: environmental and internal levels. At the environmental level, these factors include environmental learning, strategy and leadership, policies and support, human capital, culture, markets, and financing. At the internal level, they include individual learning and self-assessment, psychological characteristics (personality, motivational, and cognitive), and demographic characteristics.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Current literature on entrepreneurial failure is inconclusive and contradictory, emphasizing the need for further research. Existing studies mainly examine the re-entry experiences of entrepreneurs after failure, leaving other aspects of re-entry, such as context and outcomes, poorly understood. A deeper understanding of the experiences, context, and outcomes of entrepreneurial re-entry could help failed entrepreneurs make significant changes in their approach to re-entry decision-making<strong>Objective: </strong>One of the most critical challenges that an entrepreneur may encounter is failure, resulting in the closure of a business that fails to meet the expected financial goals. Learning from the experience of entrepreneurial failure can offer valuable opportunities for change and motivate entrepreneurs to re-enter the industry. Entrepreneurs can learn from their failures, enhance their ability to recognize and pursue opportunities, and consequently improve their performance when re-entering entrepreneurship. Research on entrepreneurial performance has primarily focused on first-time entrepreneurship, with less attention given to entrepreneurs with prior entrepreneurial experience who start a new business after a setback. Existing research in the field of entrepreneurship overlooks the significance of investigating failure scenarios, but turning failure into a "springboard for success" is a valuable topic that can inspire and support the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs, increase the likelihood of success in entrepreneurship, and encourage ongoing entrepreneurial endeavors. This topic has received sporadic attention from various researchers, but a comprehensive framework for categorizing these factors has not yet been provided. The aim of this study is to identify and categorize the factors influencing the re-entrepreneurship of failed entrepreneurs using a qualitative approach. Therefore, the primary question of this research is: What are the determinants of re-entrepreneurship by failed entrepreneurs?<br /><strong>Method:</strong> This research is applied in terms of purpose, and utilizes a library research method that relies on secondary data. The approach to the study of primary data is comprehensive and interpretive. The Sandelowski's meta-synthesis method was employed to carry out this research, and relevant studies from reputable international scientific databases were reviewed. The quality of the identified articles was assessed using various criteria, including the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Ultimately, 38 articles published between 1991 and 2020 that met the criteria were identified and analyzed.<br /><strong>Findings</strong>: Content analysis of these articles revealed that the factors influencing re-entrepreneurship can be categorized into two main components: environmental and internal levels. At the environmental level, these factors include environmental learning, strategy and leadership, policies and support, human capital, culture, markets, and financing. At the internal level, they include individual learning and self-assessment, psychological characteristics (personality, motivational, and cognitive), and demographic characteristics.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Current literature on entrepreneurial failure is inconclusive and contradictory, emphasizing the need for further research. Existing studies mainly examine the re-entry experiences of entrepreneurs after failure, leaving other aspects of re-entry, such as context and outcomes, poorly understood. A deeper understanding of the experiences, context, and outcomes of entrepreneurial re-entry could help failed entrepreneurs make significant changes in their approach to re-entry decision-makinghttps://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_95389_eb44245268d3b18fd78bcefab9524440.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304The relationship between the antecedents of entrepreneurial behavior and the mediating role of entrepreneurial organizational climate (case study: Parsian Gas Refining Company)The relationship between the antecedents of entrepreneurial behavior and the mediating role of entrepreneurial organizational climate (case study: Parsian Gas Refining Company)1161479648410.22059/jed.2024.367418.654284FAMahsaKamalipourDepartment of Technology, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAliSafariDepartment of Management, Faculty of Administrative Science and Economics , University of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20230604<strong>Objective:</strong> Entrepreneurship in itself is a behavior. Autonomous, proactive, innovative, competitive, and risk-taking behavior plays the main role in implementing entrepreneurial actions. In inorder the need to consider the factors that are necessary for the formation of entrepreneurial behavior, the lack of the role of entrepreneurial behavior in Iranian companies, and the lack of appropriate procedures for its foundation, conducting research in this field can be effective. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the relationship between the antecedents of entrepreneurial behavior and the mediating role of entrepreneurial organizational climate in the Parsian Gas Refining Company of Fars province.<br /><strong>Method:</strong> The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive correlation based on nature and method. The statistical population consists of managers, supervisors, and employees of Parsian Gas Refining Company, which includes 385 people. According to the sampling formula of structural equation modeling, the sample size was considered to be 169 people. To collect data, questions from standard questionnaires were used, which were randomly distributed. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used and SPSS/24 and Smart PLS/3 software were used for the structural equation model. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by using management experts and some organizational experts. Also, using confirmatory factor analysis, its construct validity was tested and confirmed. R2 criterion for endogenous variables is equal to and greater than 0.33, which indicates a strong fit of the structural model. Also, since the Q2 of the endogenous variables is higher than 0.33, the model has a high predictive power. The average of the shared values above is equal to 0.747 and the average R2 of the endogenous variables is equal to 0.727. To calculate the fit index of the general part of the model, the GOF criterion is equal to 0.736, which indicates a very strong and appropriate fit of the overall model. Since in the present research, the variable of entrepreneurial climate is a mediating variable, the current state of entrepreneurial climate was determined for normal data using the sample t-test and for non-normal data using the binomial test.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results of the hypothesis test showed that there is no positive and significant relationship between networking behavior and entrepreneurial behavior in the Parsian Gas Refining Company, which indicates the rejection of the first hypothesis. Organizational entrepreneurial climate has a positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial behavior, which shows that the second hypothesis is confirmed. Entrepreneurial organizational structure does not have a positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial behavior in the Parsian Gas Refining Company. Entrepreneurial organizational structure indirectly has a positive and significant relationship on entrepreneurial behavior with the mediating role of the organizational entrepreneurial climate, and the intensity of the mediating variable effect is equal to 0.79. Networking behavior indirectly has a positive and significant relationship on entrepreneurial behavior with the mediating role of entrepreneurial climate, and the intensity of the mediating variable effect is equal to 0.84. Therefore, out of five research hypotheses, two hypotheses were rejected and three hypotheses were confirmed.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the creation and strengthening of networking behavior and the creation of flat organizational structures alone do not lead to the emergence of entrepreneurial behaviors; Rather, organizations and companies should provide a supportive environment for innovative and entrepreneurial actions through management support, appropriate reward system, access to sufficient resources, flexibility of organizational boundaries, and strengthening the risk-taking of managers, supervisors, and employees. It is also necessary for managers to pay more attention to the formation of purposeful extra-organizational networks that lead to innovation, opportunity identification, and strengthening risk-taking. Since maintaining such networks is valuable, it is necessary; Managers must effectively manage relationships, conflicts, ethical issues, and agreements in the network. The managers and employees of the company should be given this authority so that they can communicate with the employees and managers of other companies through the integrated knowledge management system. By creating an entrepreneurial climate and supporting the management, provide all employees with access to information and knowledge exchange in the direction of the organization's goals. Managers should familiarize themselves with the concepts and requirements of intrapreneurship, put entrepreneurial programs at the forefront of their work, provide the necessary context for the implementation and realization of intrapreneurship, and try to remove the structural and cultural barriers that prevent entrepreneurial and innovative actions in the company. To strengthen the climate of entrepreneurship and improve its dimensions, it is suggested that middle managers, supervisors, and employees be given free time to express innovative ideas, and the selection of these managers is based on experience and innovation, and innovative managers are encouraged for their innovative ideas. The culture of accepting and tolerating failure, risk, and mistakes in Parsian Gas Company spreads through training courses, including training courses to strengthen risk tolerance, teamwork, and case studies related to risk acceptance, tolerating uncertainty and failure, etc.<br /> <strong>Objective:</strong> Entrepreneurship in itself is a behavior. Autonomous, proactive, innovative, competitive, and risk-taking behavior plays the main role in implementing entrepreneurial actions. In inorder the need to consider the factors that are necessary for the formation of entrepreneurial behavior, the lack of the role of entrepreneurial behavior in Iranian companies, and the lack of appropriate procedures for its foundation, conducting research in this field can be effective. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the relationship between the antecedents of entrepreneurial behavior and the mediating role of entrepreneurial organizational climate in the Parsian Gas Refining Company of Fars province.<br /><strong>Method:</strong> The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive correlation based on nature and method. The statistical population consists of managers, supervisors, and employees of Parsian Gas Refining Company, which includes 385 people. According to the sampling formula of structural equation modeling, the sample size was considered to be 169 people. To collect data, questions from standard questionnaires were used, which were randomly distributed. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used and SPSS/24 and Smart PLS/3 software were used for the structural equation model. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by using management experts and some organizational experts. Also, using confirmatory factor analysis, its construct validity was tested and confirmed. R2 criterion for endogenous variables is equal to and greater than 0.33, which indicates a strong fit of the structural model. Also, since the Q2 of the endogenous variables is higher than 0.33, the model has a high predictive power. The average of the shared values above is equal to 0.747 and the average R2 of the endogenous variables is equal to 0.727. To calculate the fit index of the general part of the model, the GOF criterion is equal to 0.736, which indicates a very strong and appropriate fit of the overall model. Since in the present research, the variable of entrepreneurial climate is a mediating variable, the current state of entrepreneurial climate was determined for normal data using the sample t-test and for non-normal data using the binomial test.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results of the hypothesis test showed that there is no positive and significant relationship between networking behavior and entrepreneurial behavior in the Parsian Gas Refining Company, which indicates the rejection of the first hypothesis. Organizational entrepreneurial climate has a positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial behavior, which shows that the second hypothesis is confirmed. Entrepreneurial organizational structure does not have a positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial behavior in the Parsian Gas Refining Company. Entrepreneurial organizational structure indirectly has a positive and significant relationship on entrepreneurial behavior with the mediating role of the organizational entrepreneurial climate, and the intensity of the mediating variable effect is equal to 0.79. Networking behavior indirectly has a positive and significant relationship on entrepreneurial behavior with the mediating role of entrepreneurial climate, and the intensity of the mediating variable effect is equal to 0.84. Therefore, out of five research hypotheses, two hypotheses were rejected and three hypotheses were confirmed.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the creation and strengthening of networking behavior and the creation of flat organizational structures alone do not lead to the emergence of entrepreneurial behaviors; Rather, organizations and companies should provide a supportive environment for innovative and entrepreneurial actions through management support, appropriate reward system, access to sufficient resources, flexibility of organizational boundaries, and strengthening the risk-taking of managers, supervisors, and employees. It is also necessary for managers to pay more attention to the formation of purposeful extra-organizational networks that lead to innovation, opportunity identification, and strengthening risk-taking. Since maintaining such networks is valuable, it is necessary; Managers must effectively manage relationships, conflicts, ethical issues, and agreements in the network. The managers and employees of the company should be given this authority so that they can communicate with the employees and managers of other companies through the integrated knowledge management system. By creating an entrepreneurial climate and supporting the management, provide all employees with access to information and knowledge exchange in the direction of the organization's goals. Managers should familiarize themselves with the concepts and requirements of intrapreneurship, put entrepreneurial programs at the forefront of their work, provide the necessary context for the implementation and realization of intrapreneurship, and try to remove the structural and cultural barriers that prevent entrepreneurial and innovative actions in the company. To strengthen the climate of entrepreneurship and improve its dimensions, it is suggested that middle managers, supervisors, and employees be given free time to express innovative ideas, and the selection of these managers is based on experience and innovation, and innovative managers are encouraged for their innovative ideas. The culture of accepting and tolerating failure, risk, and mistakes in Parsian Gas Company spreads through training courses, including training courses to strengthen risk tolerance, teamwork, and case studies related to risk acceptance, tolerating uncertainty and failure, etc.<br /> https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96484_308811bae1378fe6c01bfab5d50e819b.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Designing and Evaluating the Effect of Social Entrepreneurship Model on reducing the Problems of Child Labor (Case Study: Kermanshah City)Designing and Evaluating the Effect of Social Entrepreneurship Model on reducing the Problems of Child Labor (Case Study: Kermanshah City)1481719538510.22059/jed.2024.358039.654176FAZohreFelegariDepartment of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranSohrabDelangizanDepartment of Economics, Razi UniversityYosefMohamdifarDepartment of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, KermanshahJournal Article20230603<strong>Objective:</strong> The phenomenon of "working children" is a social problem that, if not paid attention to, threatens the health of a large part of the society. One of the effective measures to solve this problem is to take advantage of social entrepreneurial efforts. A subject that has received less attention from scientific societies as a result of this theoretical vacuum and correct practical experience; Policymakers and other actors often act without a specific plan and strategy, and in some cases they may have independent and even conflicting actions. The purpose of this research is to identify the spheres of social entrepreneurship, to identify the dimensions and effects of this issue and to provide a model to improve the problems of working children in Kermanshah.
<strong>Method:</strong> This research was exploratory, applied and with a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative) in 2020-2020. The data collection method is descriptive (non-experimental). The data collection tool in qualitative part of the interview is semi-structured. The study population in the qualitative section of 20 managers and experts and active individuals of NGOs, NGOs, Social Welfare Organization, Emdad Imam Committee and Kermanshah Municipality were selected by purposeful sampling method and after theoretical saturation, data were analyzed by the data-based method in three stages that are done in the data-base method (Pivotal recoding of selective coding). The approach used in this research is Strauss and Corbyn's systematic approach. In the quantitative part of the data collection tool, a researcher-made questionnaire was investigated and revised for the validity of the questionnaire using the viewpoint and guidance of the supervisor and consultant of the questionnaire in order to achieve the researcher's designed questions. McDonald's coefficient method was used for the reliability of the questionnaire and the reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated 0.841. The statistical population in the quantitative part of the study included 314 organizations in Kermanshah which include: Welfare Organization, Islamic Republic of Iran's Law Force, Justice, Municipality, Labor and Social Administration, Health and Medical Education Department, Health Care Organization, Social Security Organization, Broadcasting Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Red Crescent Society, Islamic Republic of Iran, Education Department, Imam Relief Committee, Societies and Charity Associations and Non-governmental Organizations (SAMs and NGOs). Based on Morgan's table, 175 people from the same statistical population were selected for the study.
<strong>Results:</strong> In qualitative section, three causal factors, eight intervening factors, three underlying factors, four strategic factors and three factors of outcome were identified and confirmed. In the quantitative section, the value of T statistic was calculated more than 1.96 and a significant value was obtained at 95% confidence level less than 0.05 and the assumptions were accepted. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SMART PLS software.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of the study showed that social entrepreneurship has a positive and significant effect on improving the economic and social conditions of working children. The sum of influencing variables independently or in combination are effective in its formation and level of influence. The model extracted in the qualitative part has been verified in the quantitative part.<strong>Objective:</strong> The phenomenon of "working children" is a social problem that, if not paid attention to, threatens the health of a large part of the society. One of the effective measures to solve this problem is to take advantage of social entrepreneurial efforts. A subject that has received less attention from scientific societies as a result of this theoretical vacuum and correct practical experience; Policymakers and other actors often act without a specific plan and strategy, and in some cases they may have independent and even conflicting actions. The purpose of this research is to identify the spheres of social entrepreneurship, to identify the dimensions and effects of this issue and to provide a model to improve the problems of working children in Kermanshah.
<strong>Method:</strong> This research was exploratory, applied and with a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative) in 2020-2020. The data collection method is descriptive (non-experimental). The data collection tool in qualitative part of the interview is semi-structured. The study population in the qualitative section of 20 managers and experts and active individuals of NGOs, NGOs, Social Welfare Organization, Emdad Imam Committee and Kermanshah Municipality were selected by purposeful sampling method and after theoretical saturation, data were analyzed by the data-based method in three stages that are done in the data-base method (Pivotal recoding of selective coding). The approach used in this research is Strauss and Corbyn's systematic approach. In the quantitative part of the data collection tool, a researcher-made questionnaire was investigated and revised for the validity of the questionnaire using the viewpoint and guidance of the supervisor and consultant of the questionnaire in order to achieve the researcher's designed questions. McDonald's coefficient method was used for the reliability of the questionnaire and the reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated 0.841. The statistical population in the quantitative part of the study included 314 organizations in Kermanshah which include: Welfare Organization, Islamic Republic of Iran's Law Force, Justice, Municipality, Labor and Social Administration, Health and Medical Education Department, Health Care Organization, Social Security Organization, Broadcasting Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Red Crescent Society, Islamic Republic of Iran, Education Department, Imam Relief Committee, Societies and Charity Associations and Non-governmental Organizations (SAMs and NGOs). Based on Morgan's table, 175 people from the same statistical population were selected for the study.
<strong>Results:</strong> In qualitative section, three causal factors, eight intervening factors, three underlying factors, four strategic factors and three factors of outcome were identified and confirmed. In the quantitative section, the value of T statistic was calculated more than 1.96 and a significant value was obtained at 95% confidence level less than 0.05 and the assumptions were accepted. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SMART PLS software.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of the study showed that social entrepreneurship has a positive and significant effect on improving the economic and social conditions of working children. The sum of influencing variables independently or in combination are effective in its formation and level of influence. The model extracted in the qualitative part has been verified in the quantitative part.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_95385_5ec9002ffec6e584ffa58ea459fa8cab.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Identifying the Organizational Mechanisms of Recruiting and Staffing, Encouraging Corporate Entrepreneurial Behavior (selected industries(Identifying the Organizational Mechanisms of Recruiting and Staffing, Encouraging Corporate Entrepreneurial Behavior (selected industries(1721969322410.22059/jed.2023.347249.654026FAMojtabaNahidDepartment of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Accounting, University of Ghazvin, Ghazvin, Iran.KamalSakhdariDepartment of Corporate Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.AliDavariNew Business Department, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20230905<strong>Objective: </strong>In today's era, when environmental changes are one of the most important challenges facing organizations, the proper use of talents and people in new thought processes is a role in creating organizational entrepreneurship. Therefore, the impact on human capital through the strategic actions of human resource management can be attributed to entrepreneurial behavior among individuals in the direction of general organizations from the growth of profitability, innovation, etc. The aim of the current research is to identify human resource management mechanisms in the employment and recruitment sector that encourage entrepreneurial behavior<strong>.</strong><br /><strong>Method:</strong> To achieve the goal of the research, qualitative approach and case study method were used. The key experts of this research were some managers and consultants of the investigated companies and some university professors who are familiar with the field of human resources and organizational entrepreneurship, and a total of 26 of these people were identified by the snowball method. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the collected data.<br /><strong>Findings:</strong> The findings of the research showed that the planning and design of jobs based on team work, an Ambivalence approach and an entrepreneurial spirit based on more freedom of action and less structure can be effective in achieving the goal of the research.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>using new tools such as artificial intelligence in identifying and screening resumes, designing animations and advertising movies with gamification related to each job for advertising in social networks, paying attention to entrepreneurial skills in screening resumes and interviews, attracting entrepreneurs who failed can be effective in the emergence of organizational entrepreneurial behaviors.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Objective: </strong>In today's era, when environmental changes are one of the most important challenges facing organizations, the proper use of talents and people in new thought processes is a role in creating organizational entrepreneurship. Therefore, the impact on human capital through the strategic actions of human resource management can be attributed to entrepreneurial behavior among individuals in the direction of general organizations from the growth of profitability, innovation, etc. The aim of the current research is to identify human resource management mechanisms in the employment and recruitment sector that encourage entrepreneurial behavior<strong>.</strong><br /><strong>Method:</strong> To achieve the goal of the research, qualitative approach and case study method were used. The key experts of this research were some managers and consultants of the investigated companies and some university professors who are familiar with the field of human resources and organizational entrepreneurship, and a total of 26 of these people were identified by the snowball method. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the collected data.<br /><strong>Findings:</strong> The findings of the research showed that the planning and design of jobs based on team work, an Ambivalence approach and an entrepreneurial spirit based on more freedom of action and less structure can be effective in achieving the goal of the research.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>using new tools such as artificial intelligence in identifying and screening resumes, designing animations and advertising movies with gamification related to each job for advertising in social networks, paying attention to entrepreneurial skills in screening resumes and interviews, attracting entrepreneurs who failed can be effective in the emergence of organizational entrepreneurial behaviors.<br /><strong> </strong>https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_93224_840cc98bccb6b98cde75a8078ac83b73.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Value proposition Design in the Business Model of Aviation SchoolsValue proposition Design in the Business Model of Aviation Schools1972109231410.22059/jed.2023.353387.654117FARezaMohammadkazemiDepartment of Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSeyed MojtabaSajadiDepartment of Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.MohammadJavadManouchehrTayebiDepartment of Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20230603<strong>Objective:</strong> Designing the value proposition in the business model of aviation schools<br /><strong>Method:</strong> : Library and qualitative studies with snowball sampling method linearly and using semi-structured interviews from experts in aviation industry education with at least 5 years of relevant work experience<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The principled method of empowerment, flight safety, use of digital tools, access to airport, social value, employment inside and outside, practical training, diversity in training scheduling, diversity in aircraft and other educational infrastructure, providing financial and non-financial assistance to students are among the proposed values.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Training human resources in the aviation industry is one of the most important parameters for improving quality and safety in the aviation industry. The existence of medical and non-medical standards developed by international and national aviation organizations is proof of this claim. In the meantime, aviation schools in Iran have special conditions. Factors such as sanctions, poor management, inadequate infrastructure and inflation have caused many problems in maintaining the quality of education by these schools. Unfortunately, due to lack of proper advertising and awareness of the society from the diversity of aviation disciplines, some disciplines of this industry such as ground pilot and maintenance and repair and administrative staff of these companies are facing shortage of manpower, which indicates the inappropriate distribution of human resources in this industry in Iran. The data obtained in the interviews show that people have common values whether they are in the stage of choosing a training institute or in the stages of practical training and employment.<strong>Objective:</strong> Designing the value proposition in the business model of aviation schools<br /><strong>Method:</strong> : Library and qualitative studies with snowball sampling method linearly and using semi-structured interviews from experts in aviation industry education with at least 5 years of relevant work experience<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The principled method of empowerment, flight safety, use of digital tools, access to airport, social value, employment inside and outside, practical training, diversity in training scheduling, diversity in aircraft and other educational infrastructure, providing financial and non-financial assistance to students are among the proposed values.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Training human resources in the aviation industry is one of the most important parameters for improving quality and safety in the aviation industry. The existence of medical and non-medical standards developed by international and national aviation organizations is proof of this claim. In the meantime, aviation schools in Iran have special conditions. Factors such as sanctions, poor management, inadequate infrastructure and inflation have caused many problems in maintaining the quality of education by these schools. Unfortunately, due to lack of proper advertising and awareness of the society from the diversity of aviation disciplines, some disciplines of this industry such as ground pilot and maintenance and repair and administrative staff of these companies are facing shortage of manpower, which indicates the inappropriate distribution of human resources in this industry in Iran. The data obtained in the interviews show that people have common values whether they are in the stage of choosing a training institute or in the stages of practical training and employment.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_92314_819ae9b82ace1e44334ee260323803b3.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Meta-analysis of Studies on the Personality Characteristics of EntrepreneursMeta-analysis of Studies on the Personality Characteristics of Entrepreneurs2112309688410.22059/jed.2023.350450.654110FAElhamAsadiDepartment of psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.HamidrezaOreyzidepartment of psychology- faculty of psychology- university of Isfahan- IsfahanJournal Article20230604<strong>Objective:</strong> Entrepreneurship, as the beating heart of economic activities, is affected by various factors. Personality characteristics of people are one of the most important factors that affect the performance of entrepreneurs, but its quality and quantity have not been the same in different researches. Using the meta-analysis approach, the present research aims to summarize the results of previous researches and statistically influence the role of personality traits by correcting unrealistic effects caused by sampling error and low reliability. Considering that there are different points of view for personality traits; This research, while integrating the studies, also examined the point which theoretical perspective has a greater impact on entrepreneurship.
<strong>Method:</strong> The current research is fundamental in terms of the nature of the goal; According to the collection of descriptive information and based on the nature of the research, it is a survey type For this purpose, the meta-analysis method was used, and internal and external researches related to the subject were used from databases such as Academic Jihad, Noor Magazines, Science and Information Technology Research Institute and Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar, as well as the article index site presented in Valid conventions and conferences were used. The measurement tool of this research was the meta-analysis checklist, and then the statistical data was analyzed through the meta-analysis software (second edition).
<strong>Results:</strong> The findings showed that the data are inconsistent and the lack of publication bias in the findings indicates the significance of the overall effect size. According to Cohen's table, the average effect size is at the medium level, and therefore it can be said that there is a significant relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurship. To be more precise, the results of the present study showed personality traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, adaptability, conscientiousness, openness to experience, which were proposed based on Costa & McCrae's theory, or internal control, success seeking, creativity, risk taking. , self-esteem and self-efficacy proposed by Rauch & Frese; It is related to the performance of entrepreneurs. In addition, comparing the two views of general traits and specific personality traits, the size of the effects related to the view of specific traits was larger. Also, among different personality traits, creativity and self-efficacy traits had a larger effect than other traits
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> It can be concluded that although personality traits are an important factor in the performance of entrepreneurs, however, all these traits do not have the same effect on the entrepreneurial behavior of people, and some of them, which are called special traits in this research, play a prominent role. They have more in this regard. Since these features focus on providing clearer descriptions that occur in a specific time and place or role, they create a larger effect size. And therefore, the development of these characteristics can lead to the improvement of the performance of entrepreneurs. On the other hand, creativity and self-efficacy had a stronger relationship with entrepreneurial behavior. It seems that creating a new business more than anything requires thinking different from common views and requires creativity and innovation. Also, it is necessary for a person to believe in her capabilities and to be confident in her effective role in changing the conditions so that doubts do not hinder her entrepreneurial behavior.<strong>Objective:</strong> Entrepreneurship, as the beating heart of economic activities, is affected by various factors. Personality characteristics of people are one of the most important factors that affect the performance of entrepreneurs, but its quality and quantity have not been the same in different researches. Using the meta-analysis approach, the present research aims to summarize the results of previous researches and statistically influence the role of personality traits by correcting unrealistic effects caused by sampling error and low reliability. Considering that there are different points of view for personality traits; This research, while integrating the studies, also examined the point which theoretical perspective has a greater impact on entrepreneurship.
<strong>Method:</strong> The current research is fundamental in terms of the nature of the goal; According to the collection of descriptive information and based on the nature of the research, it is a survey type For this purpose, the meta-analysis method was used, and internal and external researches related to the subject were used from databases such as Academic Jihad, Noor Magazines, Science and Information Technology Research Institute and Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar, as well as the article index site presented in Valid conventions and conferences were used. The measurement tool of this research was the meta-analysis checklist, and then the statistical data was analyzed through the meta-analysis software (second edition).
<strong>Results:</strong> The findings showed that the data are inconsistent and the lack of publication bias in the findings indicates the significance of the overall effect size. According to Cohen's table, the average effect size is at the medium level, and therefore it can be said that there is a significant relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurship. To be more precise, the results of the present study showed personality traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, adaptability, conscientiousness, openness to experience, which were proposed based on Costa & McCrae's theory, or internal control, success seeking, creativity, risk taking. , self-esteem and self-efficacy proposed by Rauch & Frese; It is related to the performance of entrepreneurs. In addition, comparing the two views of general traits and specific personality traits, the size of the effects related to the view of specific traits was larger. Also, among different personality traits, creativity and self-efficacy traits had a larger effect than other traits
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> It can be concluded that although personality traits are an important factor in the performance of entrepreneurs, however, all these traits do not have the same effect on the entrepreneurial behavior of people, and some of them, which are called special traits in this research, play a prominent role. They have more in this regard. Since these features focus on providing clearer descriptions that occur in a specific time and place or role, they create a larger effect size. And therefore, the development of these characteristics can lead to the improvement of the performance of entrepreneurs. On the other hand, creativity and self-efficacy had a stronger relationship with entrepreneurial behavior. It seems that creating a new business more than anything requires thinking different from common views and requires creativity and innovation. Also, it is necessary for a person to believe in her capabilities and to be confident in her effective role in changing the conditions so that doubts do not hinder her entrepreneurial behavior.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96884_e25d1124174f951e9246f60d46766d39.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304An Examination of the Mediating Role of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation on the Relation Between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial IntentionAn Examination of the Mediating Role of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation on the Relation Between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention2312519690010.22059/jed.2023.355074.654141FASaeedMohammadiLecturer in Department of Corporate Entrepreneurship- Faculty of Entrepreneurship- University of TehranGHOLAM HOSSEINHOSSEININIADepartment of new business, Faculty of Entrepreneurship , University of TehranMaziarDastani MobarakehDepartment of New Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20230808<strong>Objective:</strong> The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of entrepreneurship education on students' entrepreneurial intention, considering the mediating role of individual entrepreneurial orientation.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong>This research, conducted in the form of applied quantitative study, involved the creation of a questionnaire based on previous research. It was conducted online in the second half of the year 2021. A total of 143 questionnaires were selected for analysis from among the students of the University of Tehran who had received entrepreneurship education. This sample size was deemed acceptable based on the required sample size. Data analysis involved regression analysis and partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling. Both Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to assess reliability. Convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated using convergent and discriminant validity constructs.<br /><strong>Findings:</strong> The results of this study indicate that dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation, apart from innovativeness, mediate the relationship between entrepreneurship education and the formation of entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, an excessive focus on innovation in entrepreneurship education should be reconsidered.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The specific achievement of this study is the examination of the three dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation separately, which is known in research literature as a unidimensional study. Based on unidimensional research, the dimensions of a single variable (in this case, individual entrepreneurial orientation) and its relationship with other variables are measured. Therefore, in terms of the mediating effect of individual entrepreneurial orientation, this research has provided new insights.<strong>Objective:</strong> The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of entrepreneurship education on students' entrepreneurial intention, considering the mediating role of individual entrepreneurial orientation.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong>This research, conducted in the form of applied quantitative study, involved the creation of a questionnaire based on previous research. It was conducted online in the second half of the year 2021. A total of 143 questionnaires were selected for analysis from among the students of the University of Tehran who had received entrepreneurship education. This sample size was deemed acceptable based on the required sample size. Data analysis involved regression analysis and partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling. Both Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to assess reliability. Convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated using convergent and discriminant validity constructs.<br /><strong>Findings:</strong> The results of this study indicate that dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation, apart from innovativeness, mediate the relationship between entrepreneurship education and the formation of entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, an excessive focus on innovation in entrepreneurship education should be reconsidered.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The specific achievement of this study is the examination of the three dimensions of individual entrepreneurial orientation separately, which is known in research literature as a unidimensional study. Based on unidimensional research, the dimensions of a single variable (in this case, individual entrepreneurial orientation) and its relationship with other variables are measured. Therefore, in terms of the mediating effect of individual entrepreneurial orientation, this research has provided new insights.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96900_fd85d76643baf35288e1983b14414e59.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240220A Model for social innovation evaluation in IranA Model for social innovation evaluation in Iran2522719310810.22059/jed.2023.352601.654108FAImanMostashar NezamiDepartment of management, University of Tehran, Iran0000-0002-7597-5705MohsenNazariDepartment of Business Management, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Visiting Professor , York University ،Toronto ,Canada0000-0003-2861-2052ManouchehrAnsari,Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management, University of TehranJournal Article20221226<strong>Objective:</strong> In recent years, social innovation has been one of the most appealing subjects in management Literature. Social innovation has begun to pick up steam. The need for innovations aiming to solve wicked social problems under financial hardships and pandemics has modulated the shape of innovation initiatives. The call for a sustained impact with enduring effects on society has prompted international organizations and several scholars to conduct research and explore best practices in the impact assessment of social innovation. Hence, in the current research, we aim to provide a model for measuring social innovation regarding its characteristics and affecting factors in Iran.
<strong>Method:</strong> We thoroughly reviewed the literature to decipher the impact evaluation of social innovation and acquire the theoretical sensitivity for the grounded theory. Next, purposive sampling was applied to represent preeminent academics and professionals in social innovation. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were carried out with the participants, casting light on their insights and comprehension of the phenomena. All interviews were documented and uploaded to the MAXQDA2022 software. After data collection, Strauss’s and Corbin’s versions of the grounded theory was employed to provide the model for measuring social innovation in Iran. In the coding step, we utilized open, axial, and selective coding, respectively, to classify codes into sub-categories and categories, all of which resulted in the impact evaluation of the social innovation theoretical concept.
<strong>Results:</strong> Findings of the in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 14 experts yielded a model with 22 factors. In different steps of the impact evaluation process, the recurring theme of the interviews was a sense among interviewees requiring the co-creation with all beneficiaries, in particular, the society where the social innovation is implemented. Also, it is imperative to acquire robust impact evaluation metrics and methods for the interviewees' arguments. These two phenomena are the “core category” of the current research. Moreover, categories of the open coding phase were classified as the axial coding phase under the causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Various factors affecting co-creation formation and the evolution of the measurement process of social innovation effectiveness have been represented. It was emphasized that the measurement of social innovation impact should be performed based on the real impact. Different parts of the model and the impact measurement in different social innovation stages (Figures 1 and 2) suggest that before commencing the work, a specific definition for social innovation and its activities should be determined. Also, it should be checked whether the activity has an opinion on the social innovation definition or not. As aforementioned, in the evaluation process, independent evaluators are of paramount importance to evaluate the work.<strong>Objective:</strong> In recent years, social innovation has been one of the most appealing subjects in management Literature. Social innovation has begun to pick up steam. The need for innovations aiming to solve wicked social problems under financial hardships and pandemics has modulated the shape of innovation initiatives. The call for a sustained impact with enduring effects on society has prompted international organizations and several scholars to conduct research and explore best practices in the impact assessment of social innovation. Hence, in the current research, we aim to provide a model for measuring social innovation regarding its characteristics and affecting factors in Iran.
<strong>Method:</strong> We thoroughly reviewed the literature to decipher the impact evaluation of social innovation and acquire the theoretical sensitivity for the grounded theory. Next, purposive sampling was applied to represent preeminent academics and professionals in social innovation. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were carried out with the participants, casting light on their insights and comprehension of the phenomena. All interviews were documented and uploaded to the MAXQDA2022 software. After data collection, Strauss’s and Corbin’s versions of the grounded theory was employed to provide the model for measuring social innovation in Iran. In the coding step, we utilized open, axial, and selective coding, respectively, to classify codes into sub-categories and categories, all of which resulted in the impact evaluation of the social innovation theoretical concept.
<strong>Results:</strong> Findings of the in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 14 experts yielded a model with 22 factors. In different steps of the impact evaluation process, the recurring theme of the interviews was a sense among interviewees requiring the co-creation with all beneficiaries, in particular, the society where the social innovation is implemented. Also, it is imperative to acquire robust impact evaluation metrics and methods for the interviewees' arguments. These two phenomena are the “core category” of the current research. Moreover, categories of the open coding phase were classified as the axial coding phase under the causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Various factors affecting co-creation formation and the evolution of the measurement process of social innovation effectiveness have been represented. It was emphasized that the measurement of social innovation impact should be performed based on the real impact. Different parts of the model and the impact measurement in different social innovation stages (Figures 1 and 2) suggest that before commencing the work, a specific definition for social innovation and its activities should be determined. Also, it should be checked whether the activity has an opinion on the social innovation definition or not. As aforementioned, in the evaluation process, independent evaluators are of paramount importance to evaluate the work.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_93108_c628c3f52e204f6c498140716534a545.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240220The strategy of developing the competitive advantages of indigenous rural entrepreneurship
)Case study: rural areas of Isfahan(The strategy of developing the competitive advantages of indigenous rural entrepreneurship
)Case study: rural areas of Isfahan(2722879538110.22059/jed.2024.353089.654115FAJournal Article20230115<strong>Objective:</strong> Indigenous rural entrepreneurship is one of the youngest research fields, which shows that this type of entrepreneurship is incompatible with some basic assumptions of classical (western) entrepreneurship. In Iran, including in Isfahan city, which has a rich cultural heritage and indigenous people, so far no attention has been paid to the issue of indigenous rural entrepreneurship and its competitive advantages.
<strong>Method:</strong> The current research, as an applied research in the field of indigenous rural entrepreneurship, tries to analyze and introduce this type of entrepreneurship and examine the competitive advantages of indigenous rural entrepreneurship. The current research is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation research in terms of nature. The statistical population of the research consists of 339 entrepreneurs in the rural areas of Isfahan city. Data analysis was done using SPSS software and structural equation modeling (Smart PLS). In this research, the observed variables for four components of economic advantage, cultural advantage, social advantage and environmental advantage were obtained
<strong>Results:</strong> The results show that the measured validity of all four effective measurement models on indigenous rural entrepreneurship is acceptable. According to the results, the t coefficients between the main research variables were above 3.15, which means that the relationship is significant and direct; In this way, the dimensions of economic advantage, cultural advantage, social advantage and environmental advantage affecting rural native entrepreneurship are positive and significant, the value of R<sup>2 </sup>shows that %96.7 of the dimension of native entrepreneurship is explained by achieving the four dimensions, and the dimension of economic advantage is explained by the coefficient 0/89 has had a greater impact than other dimensions.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Recognizing these advantages can be a stimulus to encourage rural natives to create rural native entrepreneurship.<strong>Objective:</strong> Indigenous rural entrepreneurship is one of the youngest research fields, which shows that this type of entrepreneurship is incompatible with some basic assumptions of classical (western) entrepreneurship. In Iran, including in Isfahan city, which has a rich cultural heritage and indigenous people, so far no attention has been paid to the issue of indigenous rural entrepreneurship and its competitive advantages.
<strong>Method:</strong> The current research, as an applied research in the field of indigenous rural entrepreneurship, tries to analyze and introduce this type of entrepreneurship and examine the competitive advantages of indigenous rural entrepreneurship. The current research is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation research in terms of nature. The statistical population of the research consists of 339 entrepreneurs in the rural areas of Isfahan city. Data analysis was done using SPSS software and structural equation modeling (Smart PLS). In this research, the observed variables for four components of economic advantage, cultural advantage, social advantage and environmental advantage were obtained
<strong>Results:</strong> The results show that the measured validity of all four effective measurement models on indigenous rural entrepreneurship is acceptable. According to the results, the t coefficients between the main research variables were above 3.15, which means that the relationship is significant and direct; In this way, the dimensions of economic advantage, cultural advantage, social advantage and environmental advantage affecting rural native entrepreneurship are positive and significant, the value of R<sup>2 </sup>shows that %96.7 of the dimension of native entrepreneurship is explained by achieving the four dimensions, and the dimension of economic advantage is explained by the coefficient 0/89 has had a greater impact than other dimensions.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Recognizing these advantages can be a stimulus to encourage rural natives to create rural native entrepreneurship.Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304A systematic review of business growth studiesA systematic review of business growth studies2893039112110.22059/jed.2022.346044.654009FAParisaRasoulianDepartment of Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.KambizTalebiProfessor, Department of Business Creation, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.AmiryMojtabaDepartment of Leadership and Human Capital, Faculty of Public Administration and Organizational Sciences, College of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230603Research on Business growth is most important in the management, entrepreneurship and economics. But despite the unprecedented research studies in this field, there is a gap in the accumulation of up-to-date knowledge that includes scientific fields overlooking the phenomenon of business growth. This study aims to improve the understanding of the content of business growth literature by systematically reviewing the researches in this field. Therefore, the purpose of the research is applied and the descriptive-documentary review method. To select articles using a systematic search method, in the Scopus and Web of science database and internal databases, from a total of 1385 refrences, finally 63 foreign studies focused on the theory of business growth, between 1959 to 2022, and 8 internal studies between 1380 to 1400 were selected for metasynthesis analysis. In the analysis section, using metasynthesis method and qualitative approach, the main topic of the selected studies has been identified. The classification of business growth theories and studies into four main groups with the titles of objactive, subjective, lifecycle-oriented and process-oriented studies is the theoretical contribution of the research.Research on Business growth is most important in the management, entrepreneurship and economics. But despite the unprecedented research studies in this field, there is a gap in the accumulation of up-to-date knowledge that includes scientific fields overlooking the phenomenon of business growth. This study aims to improve the understanding of the content of business growth literature by systematically reviewing the researches in this field. Therefore, the purpose of the research is applied and the descriptive-documentary review method. To select articles using a systematic search method, in the Scopus and Web of science database and internal databases, from a total of 1385 refrences, finally 63 foreign studies focused on the theory of business growth, between 1959 to 2022, and 8 internal studies between 1380 to 1400 were selected for metasynthesis analysis. In the analysis section, using metasynthesis method and qualitative approach, the main topic of the selected studies has been identified. The classification of business growth theories and studies into four main groups with the titles of objactive, subjective, lifecycle-oriented and process-oriented studies is the theoretical contribution of the research.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_91121_b248d0062e4ecfc353fe0170e35d62c4.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Presenting the model of internationalization of cooperative-oriented business in IranPresenting the model of internationalization of cooperative-oriented business in Iran3043249486010.22059/jed.2023.356968.654165FASeyedeh ElahehSajediDepartment of Technology Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Islamic Azad University
Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, IranGHOLAM HOSSEINHOSSEININIADepartment of new business, Faculty of Entrepreneurship , University of TehranBabakZiyaeDepartment of Corporate Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20221031<strong>Objective:</strong> In today's rapidly evolving world, characterized by pervasive uncertainties, internationalization has become a compelling imperative. Driven by an insistent need to access foreign markets and diversify financial portfolios, companies are compelled to embark on this journey. Consequently, the primary aim of this study is to present a model that facilitates the expansion of cooperative enterprises into global markets.
<strong>Method:</strong> To achieve this goal, we adopted a hybrid research approach, integrating elements of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. In the initial phase, we conducted a series of 19 semi-structured interviews with domain specialists and experts, focusing on the internationalization model of cooperative businesses. This qualitative research phase was complemented by specialized software, specifically MAXQDA, for meticulous coding and analysis.Subsequently, during the second stage, data collection involved the administration of a comprehensive questionnaire to 384 managerial and expert stakeholders within cooperative enterprises. We employed the Structural Equation Method (SEM) to rigorously examine the relationships among theoretical elements, utilizing the Smart Pls3 software suite. The qualitative portion of the research determined the sample size through purposive sampling and saturation principles, while the quantitative segment employed random cluster sampling.Before disseminating the questionnaire within the broader society, its face validity underwent rigorous scrutiny by esteemed university professors. Additionally, the reliability of all variables was confirmed through the calculation of Cronbach's alpha.
<strong>Results:</strong> The findings of this study are divided into two prominent sections. In the initial segment, we have succinctly encapsulated an array of factors influencing the internationalization of cooperative-oriented enterprises in the form of a paradigm model, a topic that has received relatively limited scholarly attention. This model comprises five indispensable components: causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences.
The latter section of the findings is dedicated to assessing the significance of these aforementioned factors. The research outcomes underscore the pivotal role of causal conditions, with a path coefficient of 0.524, exerting a substantive, positive, and statistically significant influence on the central phenomenon. Similarly, the central phenomenon itself, with a path coefficient of 0.137, exerts a positive influence. The substrate, with a path coefficient of 0.295, and intervening factors, marked with a path coefficient of 0.473, both exhibit positive and statistically significant effects. Remarkably, the customer-oriented strategy, endowed with a path coefficient of 0.793, exerts the most profound and statistically significant positive impact on the outcomes.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> In light of the elucidated pattern, it is evident that augmenting and fortifying each identified influential component, accompanied by context-specific strategies, holds the potential to catalyze the internationalization endeavors of cooperative-oriented enterprises. Furthermore, the research findings underscore the paramount importance of the customer-oriented strategy in shaping diverse relationships and outcomes, underscoring the necessity for meticulous planning and organization within this domain.To enhance the international presence of cooperative enterprises, we strongly recommend that these entities address the identified causal factors and diligently implement the strategies derived from this model. These proactive measures have the potential to significantly contribute to the attainment of desirable outcomes and the augmentation of cooperative enterprise performance on the global stage. Consequently, it is incumbent upon the nation's cooperative sector to proactively address root causes and meticulously execute strategies derived from this model, thereby enhancing their presence in international markets.<strong>Objective:</strong> In today's rapidly evolving world, characterized by pervasive uncertainties, internationalization has become a compelling imperative. Driven by an insistent need to access foreign markets and diversify financial portfolios, companies are compelled to embark on this journey. Consequently, the primary aim of this study is to present a model that facilitates the expansion of cooperative enterprises into global markets.
<strong>Method:</strong> To achieve this goal, we adopted a hybrid research approach, integrating elements of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. In the initial phase, we conducted a series of 19 semi-structured interviews with domain specialists and experts, focusing on the internationalization model of cooperative businesses. This qualitative research phase was complemented by specialized software, specifically MAXQDA, for meticulous coding and analysis.Subsequently, during the second stage, data collection involved the administration of a comprehensive questionnaire to 384 managerial and expert stakeholders within cooperative enterprises. We employed the Structural Equation Method (SEM) to rigorously examine the relationships among theoretical elements, utilizing the Smart Pls3 software suite. The qualitative portion of the research determined the sample size through purposive sampling and saturation principles, while the quantitative segment employed random cluster sampling.Before disseminating the questionnaire within the broader society, its face validity underwent rigorous scrutiny by esteemed university professors. Additionally, the reliability of all variables was confirmed through the calculation of Cronbach's alpha.
<strong>Results:</strong> The findings of this study are divided into two prominent sections. In the initial segment, we have succinctly encapsulated an array of factors influencing the internationalization of cooperative-oriented enterprises in the form of a paradigm model, a topic that has received relatively limited scholarly attention. This model comprises five indispensable components: causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences.
The latter section of the findings is dedicated to assessing the significance of these aforementioned factors. The research outcomes underscore the pivotal role of causal conditions, with a path coefficient of 0.524, exerting a substantive, positive, and statistically significant influence on the central phenomenon. Similarly, the central phenomenon itself, with a path coefficient of 0.137, exerts a positive influence. The substrate, with a path coefficient of 0.295, and intervening factors, marked with a path coefficient of 0.473, both exhibit positive and statistically significant effects. Remarkably, the customer-oriented strategy, endowed with a path coefficient of 0.793, exerts the most profound and statistically significant positive impact on the outcomes.
<strong>Conclusion:</strong> In light of the elucidated pattern, it is evident that augmenting and fortifying each identified influential component, accompanied by context-specific strategies, holds the potential to catalyze the internationalization endeavors of cooperative-oriented enterprises. Furthermore, the research findings underscore the paramount importance of the customer-oriented strategy in shaping diverse relationships and outcomes, underscoring the necessity for meticulous planning and organization within this domain.To enhance the international presence of cooperative enterprises, we strongly recommend that these entities address the identified causal factors and diligently implement the strategies derived from this model. These proactive measures have the potential to significantly contribute to the attainment of desirable outcomes and the augmentation of cooperative enterprise performance on the global stage. Consequently, it is incumbent upon the nation's cooperative sector to proactively address root causes and meticulously execute strategies derived from this model, thereby enhancing their presence in international markets.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_94860_ed73b3ed9f812a81148570ffc4dfa668.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Economic complexity and entrepreneurship: Evidence from countries in the Middle East and North AfricaEconomic complexity and entrepreneurship: Evidence from countries in the Middle East and North Africa3253469364710.22059/jed.2023.352982.654113FAFatemehGhlichliDepartment of Compulsory Economic Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Gonbadkavos University, Gonbadkavos, IranMohsenMohammadi KhyarehDepartment of Compulsory Economic Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Gonbadkavos University, Gonbadkavos, Iran0000-0003-3977-0929MasoudKheirandishDepartment of Administrative and Economic Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Sports Sciences, Gonbadkavos UniversityJournal Article20230604Aim: This study aims to examine the impact of economic complexity on entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Economic complexity refers to the diversity and complexity of a country's production and export capabilities. The objective is to determine whether higher economic complexity creates a favorable environment for entrepreneurship. <br /><br />Method: The study employs an applied research method with a descriptive-correlational approach to gather information. The econometric approach used is the generalized systemic moments (GMM-SYS) method. The statistical sample consists of data from 12 selected countries in the MENA region, covering the period between 2010 and 2020.<br /><br />Results: The research findings reveal several key insights. Firstly, there is a positive and significant impact of economic complexity on entrepreneurial activities in the MENA region. This suggests that higher economic complexity promotes and encourages entrepreneurship. Secondly, the analysis indicates that the positive effect of entrepreneurship is strengthened by higher levels of human capital and governance quality. Conversely, higher natural resource rents have a dampening effect on entrepreneurship. Thirdly, the results demonstrate that the relationship between economic complexity and entrepreneurship is influenced by factors such as natural resource rent, institutional quality, and human capital accumulation.<br /><br />Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings affirm that economic complexity significantly influences the entrepreneurial activities in the MENA countries. Policymakers can anticipate stimulating the entrepreneurship of MENA economies by implementing appropriate policies aimed at enhancing technical capabilities for producing complex products and expediting development. However, it is important to note that the specific relationship between economic complexity and entrepreneurship can vary based on contextual factors such as institutional quality, human capital, and the presence of natural resources. Thus, understanding these interactions and contextual factors is crucial for policymakers and researchers seeking to comprehend the effect of economic complexity on entrepreneurship in the MENA region.Aim: This study aims to examine the impact of economic complexity on entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Economic complexity refers to the diversity and complexity of a country's production and export capabilities. The objective is to determine whether higher economic complexity creates a favorable environment for entrepreneurship. <br /><br />Method: The study employs an applied research method with a descriptive-correlational approach to gather information. The econometric approach used is the generalized systemic moments (GMM-SYS) method. The statistical sample consists of data from 12 selected countries in the MENA region, covering the period between 2010 and 2020.<br /><br />Results: The research findings reveal several key insights. Firstly, there is a positive and significant impact of economic complexity on entrepreneurial activities in the MENA region. This suggests that higher economic complexity promotes and encourages entrepreneurship. Secondly, the analysis indicates that the positive effect of entrepreneurship is strengthened by higher levels of human capital and governance quality. Conversely, higher natural resource rents have a dampening effect on entrepreneurship. Thirdly, the results demonstrate that the relationship between economic complexity and entrepreneurship is influenced by factors such as natural resource rent, institutional quality, and human capital accumulation.<br /><br />Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings affirm that economic complexity significantly influences the entrepreneurial activities in the MENA countries. Policymakers can anticipate stimulating the entrepreneurship of MENA economies by implementing appropriate policies aimed at enhancing technical capabilities for producing complex products and expediting development. However, it is important to note that the specific relationship between economic complexity and entrepreneurship can vary based on contextual factors such as institutional quality, human capital, and the presence of natural resources. Thus, understanding these interactions and contextual factors is crucial for policymakers and researchers seeking to comprehend the effect of economic complexity on entrepreneurship in the MENA region.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_93647_2d0d69b00afe9dd1880f1235d51aa88e.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Conceptualization of hybrid entrepreneurs' success model in IranConceptualization of hybrid entrepreneurs' success model in Iran3473679627210.22059/jed.2024.356514.654159FAMeisamKhodadostiDepartment of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.YosefMohamdifarDepartment of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, KermanshahNaderNaderiEntrepreneurship Management Group, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of RaziJournal Article20231226<strong>Objective:</strong> Being capable to initiate and persist in activities associated with identifying, exploring, and implementing opportunities for value creation are essential for an aspiring entrepreneur. This is especially true for the growing number of aspiring entrepreneurs who undertake a hybrid entrepreneurial entry path, whereby an individual simultaneously engages in startup activities while remaining employed elsewhere during their career transition. Hybrid entrepreneurships are defined as people who engage in self-employment activity while simultaneously hold a primary in waged work. This phenomenon has received increasing scholarly attention in recent years. Hybrid entrepreneurs are individuals who are employees and entrepreneurs at the same time. In their quest to make their businesses successful, they commonly encounter challenges and adversities. This makes entrepreneurial persistence as a key factor in the success of hybrid entrepreneurs. Having a wage job can make running a venture more challenging, increases the likelihood that hybrid entrepreneurs will quit their entrepreneurial activities. For instance, hybrid entrepreneurs must maintain a dual focus on both their wage work and entrepreneurial work and must perform well in the former while keeping their venture running concurrently. Hybrid entrepreneurship can have a positive role in decreasing unemployment and economic growth. However, there was no any study in literature review evaluating for success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs. This study was conducted to provide a model for the success of hybrid entrepreneurs with the help of grounded theory.<br /><strong>Method:</strong> In the present study, the samples were selected purposefully and theoretical sampling was used to identify factors affecting success. By conducting preliminary interviews and analyzing the obtained data, coding and creating concepts, comparing them, forming categories and communicating between them from snowball and theoretical sampling. It was used to select the next participants. Considering the fact that the criteria for judging when to stop theoretical sampling is the theoretical adequacy of categories and data. In this study, theoretical saturation was confirmed after 25 interviews and no new information was added. Each interview lasted 25 to 50 minutes. In the present study, the reliability of the results was evaluated using member control techniques, the use of different researchers in data collection and analysis, and the researcher's self-review. To check the verifiability of the results of the research, all the notes, documents and interviews recorded after the analysis by the researcher were again provided to the research team and other researchers to match the raw data with the results of Confirm the data.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> In the current study, 91 concepts were extracted for the success of hybrid entrepreneurs. In the current study, economic and financial factors, psychological factors, learning and experiences, learning skills, personality characteristics, supports of family and others and competencies were identified as causal factors. Administrative bureaucracy, financial barriers and cultural barriers were known as underlying factors. Climate change, market fluctuations and environmental turbulence were identified as interventional factors affecting success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs. The interviewers mentioned educational strategies, modeling, reducing administrative bureaucracy, motivate strategies, managerial and financial facilities strategies were considered as reasons for success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs. In addition, interviewer’s mentioned to improve entrepreneurship spirit, development of the industry and development of economic as results for success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Based on the results obtained in the model, educational strategies such as education of entrepreneurs, continued view from success entrepreneurship, improving entrepreneurship and marketing skills, help from specialists and corporation in startup events, modeling of success entrepreneurs, decreasing administrative bureaucracy, financial supports by facilities and support for purchasing products and also predicting risk and considering strategy were suggested for success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs. This study could cover gaps in literature review for hybrid entrepreneurs but future studies are required to investigate this field. The findings of this study show the fact that the phenomenon of hybrid entrepreneurship, as an economic, managerial and social issue, is a complex, multi-dimensional and multi-variable phenomenon, and a set of factors are intertwined in its formation and escalation. These factors synergistically provide the ground for its formation and development and can even provide the ground for the reproduction of the ground for its development or destruction. The reproduction of the context means that the conditions for emergence, growth, acquisition of benefit and development will occur; It means that if there are positive results from the form of hybrid entrepreneurship, it is possible to provide the ground for the formation of other types for the contacts, activists and investors of entrepreneurship in the country. These results show that a combination of internal and external factors can contribute to the success of hybrid entrepreneurs and a hybrid entrepreneur should not only focus on external factors. In addition to the skills and financial factors that should be successful, hybrid entrepreneurs should also pay attention to their internal and personal factors and competencies, along with the help of family and friends.<strong>Objective:</strong> Being capable to initiate and persist in activities associated with identifying, exploring, and implementing opportunities for value creation are essential for an aspiring entrepreneur. This is especially true for the growing number of aspiring entrepreneurs who undertake a hybrid entrepreneurial entry path, whereby an individual simultaneously engages in startup activities while remaining employed elsewhere during their career transition. Hybrid entrepreneurships are defined as people who engage in self-employment activity while simultaneously hold a primary in waged work. This phenomenon has received increasing scholarly attention in recent years. Hybrid entrepreneurs are individuals who are employees and entrepreneurs at the same time. In their quest to make their businesses successful, they commonly encounter challenges and adversities. This makes entrepreneurial persistence as a key factor in the success of hybrid entrepreneurs. Having a wage job can make running a venture more challenging, increases the likelihood that hybrid entrepreneurs will quit their entrepreneurial activities. For instance, hybrid entrepreneurs must maintain a dual focus on both their wage work and entrepreneurial work and must perform well in the former while keeping their venture running concurrently. Hybrid entrepreneurship can have a positive role in decreasing unemployment and economic growth. However, there was no any study in literature review evaluating for success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs. This study was conducted to provide a model for the success of hybrid entrepreneurs with the help of grounded theory.<br /><strong>Method:</strong> In the present study, the samples were selected purposefully and theoretical sampling was used to identify factors affecting success. By conducting preliminary interviews and analyzing the obtained data, coding and creating concepts, comparing them, forming categories and communicating between them from snowball and theoretical sampling. It was used to select the next participants. Considering the fact that the criteria for judging when to stop theoretical sampling is the theoretical adequacy of categories and data. In this study, theoretical saturation was confirmed after 25 interviews and no new information was added. Each interview lasted 25 to 50 minutes. In the present study, the reliability of the results was evaluated using member control techniques, the use of different researchers in data collection and analysis, and the researcher's self-review. To check the verifiability of the results of the research, all the notes, documents and interviews recorded after the analysis by the researcher were again provided to the research team and other researchers to match the raw data with the results of Confirm the data.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> In the current study, 91 concepts were extracted for the success of hybrid entrepreneurs. In the current study, economic and financial factors, psychological factors, learning and experiences, learning skills, personality characteristics, supports of family and others and competencies were identified as causal factors. Administrative bureaucracy, financial barriers and cultural barriers were known as underlying factors. Climate change, market fluctuations and environmental turbulence were identified as interventional factors affecting success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs. The interviewers mentioned educational strategies, modeling, reducing administrative bureaucracy, motivate strategies, managerial and financial facilities strategies were considered as reasons for success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs. In addition, interviewer’s mentioned to improve entrepreneurship spirit, development of the industry and development of economic as results for success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Based on the results obtained in the model, educational strategies such as education of entrepreneurs, continued view from success entrepreneurship, improving entrepreneurship and marketing skills, help from specialists and corporation in startup events, modeling of success entrepreneurs, decreasing administrative bureaucracy, financial supports by facilities and support for purchasing products and also predicting risk and considering strategy were suggested for success of Iranian hybrid entrepreneurs. This study could cover gaps in literature review for hybrid entrepreneurs but future studies are required to investigate this field. The findings of this study show the fact that the phenomenon of hybrid entrepreneurship, as an economic, managerial and social issue, is a complex, multi-dimensional and multi-variable phenomenon, and a set of factors are intertwined in its formation and escalation. These factors synergistically provide the ground for its formation and development and can even provide the ground for the reproduction of the ground for its development or destruction. The reproduction of the context means that the conditions for emergence, growth, acquisition of benefit and development will occur; It means that if there are positive results from the form of hybrid entrepreneurship, it is possible to provide the ground for the formation of other types for the contacts, activists and investors of entrepreneurship in the country. These results show that a combination of internal and external factors can contribute to the success of hybrid entrepreneurs and a hybrid entrepreneur should not only focus on external factors. In addition to the skills and financial factors that should be successful, hybrid entrepreneurs should also pay attention to their internal and personal factors and competencies, along with the help of family and friends.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96272_1ee968dcd384d26b0f1c6b3f0da0538f.pdfFaculty of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal of Entrepreneurship Development2008-226616Issue 5 (Special Issue)20240304Analaysing the Components of High-tech Businesses on the Speed of Internationalization (Case Study: Pharmaceutical Industry)Analaysing the Components of High-tech Businesses on the Speed of Internationalization (Case Study: Pharmaceutical Industry)3683919765310.22059/jed.2024.361823.654230FASAEEDEHHANAFIDepartment of Business Management and Entrepreneurship, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic, Azad University, Tehran, Iran.SinaNematizadehDepartment of Business Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran.BabakZiyaeDepartment of Corporate Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran,
Tehran, IranJalalHaghighat MonfaredDepartment of Industrial Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-5741-0532Journal Article20230808<strong>Objective: </strong>Today, technological businesses tend to be present in international markets and improve their speed by adopting a competitive advantage. The speed of internationalization is an important issue for managers who want to enter or develop international markets. From a managerial point of view, companies should determine the speed of internationalization development because speed is a key aspect of the company's internationalization strategies and should balance the company's resources and international opportunities due to the short life cycle of products. Pharmaceutically, the speed of entering international markets in order to gain more market share is an important management challenge in the decision-making process to enter foreign markets. The purpose of this study is to measure the impact of the contextual components of high-tech businesses on the speed of internationalization.<br /><strong>Method:</strong> The current research is explanatory in nature; In terms of practical aim and in terms of gathering descriptive-correlational information, it is a case study. The selecton criteria of pharmaceutical companies are a) having exports in the last 10 years and b) having pharmaceutical innovations at the international level, the total number of the statistical population of 424 pharmaceutical companies was determined. The unit of research in the quantitative method is the person, that is, the managers of the pharmaceutical companies, according to Morgan's table, 201 people were selected using random-systematic sampling, and 149 questionnaires were applied for quantitative data analysis.<br />SPSS version 22 software was used to determine the distribution of research data. In the following, to analyze the measurement of indicators and test the hypotheses of structural equations, PLS software with version 3 was used.<br />The results in the quantitative section show that the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.723, 0.626, 0.877 independent variables determine the dependent variables. The following variables determine the dependent variable with the following values:Propulsion 0.852, Competiion Environment 0.481,Target market fit 0.639,production actions 0.521. Therefore, the speed of internationalization is significant with a confidence level of 0.95. In other words, the T value of each variable is more than 1.96.<br />The results in the quantitative section show that the coefficient of determination (R2) of the independent variables is 0.723, 0.626, and 0.877 of the dependent variables. Therefore, the speed of internationalization is significant with a confidence level of 0.95. In this research, the Q2 criterion for the competitive environment is 0.498, the fit with the target market is 0.485, and the speed of internationalization is 0.649, which expresses the strong predictive power in the structural model of the research. T-statistic was used to check the assumed relationships between the components.<br /><strong>Findings</strong>: The results of the hypothesis test showed that the drivers, which are considered as knowledge, perception and networks, have a significant effect on the competitive environment based on the domestic market and the foreign market, which shows the confirmation of the first hypothesis. Drivers have a significant effect on the suitability of the target market in the pharmaceutical industry, and therefore the second hypothesis is confirmed. The competitive environment has a significant effect on the speed of internationalization in the pharmaceutical industry, and its coefficient is 0.852. The coefficient of effect of fit with the target market on the speed of internationalization in the pharmaceutical industry is 0.639, and the hypothesis that fit with the market has an effect on the speed of internationalization in the pharmaceutical industry is confirmed. The drivers on the speed of internationalization with the control variable of production measures in the pharmaceutical industry has an impact factor of 0.521 and therefore this hypothesis is confirmed. To test the main hypothesis, 5 sub-hypotheses have been considered, and the t-statistics related to all fields are higher than 1.96 and confirmed, so all five research hypotheses are confirmed.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: As the results showed that the competitive environment and fit with the target market have a great effect on the speed of internationalization, so that the analysis of competitive environments and the extraction of the consumption behavior of the target market on the type of intensity and speed of internationalization as well as the international branding of the business. And technological works have an important effect. As different markets have different conditions, different consumption behavior, different standard and quality characteristics and different feedbacks regarding the performance of businesses, therefore, they require different entry suitability and analysis. So that different markets have different conditions, different consumption behavior, different standard and quality characteristics and different feedbacks regarding the performance of imported businesses. Also, by adjusting their business model and providing value propositions in accordance with those markets and adjusting production or service measures required in those markets, these businesses can have a high level of entry and impact, and thus companies can export With the least involvement in local activities, they can offer their products in foreign markets and earn more profit. The results of the current research can be used in the countries of the region due to the structural similarity of the drug supply chain and the value chain in drug raw materials and the type of drug marketing. This model was tested for the first time in the pharmaceutical structure of Iran, the pharmaceutical industry is worthy of internationalization, but they have not reached the speed of internationalization.<strong>Objective: </strong>Today, technological businesses tend to be present in international markets and improve their speed by adopting a competitive advantage. The speed of internationalization is an important issue for managers who want to enter or develop international markets. From a managerial point of view, companies should determine the speed of internationalization development because speed is a key aspect of the company's internationalization strategies and should balance the company's resources and international opportunities due to the short life cycle of products. Pharmaceutically, the speed of entering international markets in order to gain more market share is an important management challenge in the decision-making process to enter foreign markets. The purpose of this study is to measure the impact of the contextual components of high-tech businesses on the speed of internationalization.<br /><strong>Method:</strong> The current research is explanatory in nature; In terms of practical aim and in terms of gathering descriptive-correlational information, it is a case study. The selecton criteria of pharmaceutical companies are a) having exports in the last 10 years and b) having pharmaceutical innovations at the international level, the total number of the statistical population of 424 pharmaceutical companies was determined. The unit of research in the quantitative method is the person, that is, the managers of the pharmaceutical companies, according to Morgan's table, 201 people were selected using random-systematic sampling, and 149 questionnaires were applied for quantitative data analysis.<br />SPSS version 22 software was used to determine the distribution of research data. In the following, to analyze the measurement of indicators and test the hypotheses of structural equations, PLS software with version 3 was used.<br />The results in the quantitative section show that the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.723, 0.626, 0.877 independent variables determine the dependent variables. The following variables determine the dependent variable with the following values:Propulsion 0.852, Competiion Environment 0.481,Target market fit 0.639,production actions 0.521. Therefore, the speed of internationalization is significant with a confidence level of 0.95. In other words, the T value of each variable is more than 1.96.<br />The results in the quantitative section show that the coefficient of determination (R2) of the independent variables is 0.723, 0.626, and 0.877 of the dependent variables. Therefore, the speed of internationalization is significant with a confidence level of 0.95. In this research, the Q2 criterion for the competitive environment is 0.498, the fit with the target market is 0.485, and the speed of internationalization is 0.649, which expresses the strong predictive power in the structural model of the research. T-statistic was used to check the assumed relationships between the components.<br /><strong>Findings</strong>: The results of the hypothesis test showed that the drivers, which are considered as knowledge, perception and networks, have a significant effect on the competitive environment based on the domestic market and the foreign market, which shows the confirmation of the first hypothesis. Drivers have a significant effect on the suitability of the target market in the pharmaceutical industry, and therefore the second hypothesis is confirmed. The competitive environment has a significant effect on the speed of internationalization in the pharmaceutical industry, and its coefficient is 0.852. The coefficient of effect of fit with the target market on the speed of internationalization in the pharmaceutical industry is 0.639, and the hypothesis that fit with the market has an effect on the speed of internationalization in the pharmaceutical industry is confirmed. The drivers on the speed of internationalization with the control variable of production measures in the pharmaceutical industry has an impact factor of 0.521 and therefore this hypothesis is confirmed. To test the main hypothesis, 5 sub-hypotheses have been considered, and the t-statistics related to all fields are higher than 1.96 and confirmed, so all five research hypotheses are confirmed.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: As the results showed that the competitive environment and fit with the target market have a great effect on the speed of internationalization, so that the analysis of competitive environments and the extraction of the consumption behavior of the target market on the type of intensity and speed of internationalization as well as the international branding of the business. And technological works have an important effect. As different markets have different conditions, different consumption behavior, different standard and quality characteristics and different feedbacks regarding the performance of businesses, therefore, they require different entry suitability and analysis. So that different markets have different conditions, different consumption behavior, different standard and quality characteristics and different feedbacks regarding the performance of imported businesses. Also, by adjusting their business model and providing value propositions in accordance with those markets and adjusting production or service measures required in those markets, these businesses can have a high level of entry and impact, and thus companies can export With the least involvement in local activities, they can offer their products in foreign markets and earn more profit. The results of the current research can be used in the countries of the region due to the structural similarity of the drug supply chain and the value chain in drug raw materials and the type of drug marketing. This model was tested for the first time in the pharmaceutical structure of Iran, the pharmaceutical industry is worthy of internationalization, but they have not reached the speed of internationalization.https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_97653_77367caa704844ee91fff98ece41f134.pdf