Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 2008-2266 16 4 2024 02 20 A fundamental look at what and how to achieve scientific authority in humanities A fundamental look at what and how to achieve scientific authority in humanities 1 28 95325 10.22059/jed.2023.370179.654311 FA Mahboobeh Vahabi Abyaneh Department of Technological Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ali Mobini Dehkordi Department of Technological Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2023 10 27 Objective: Since dealing with the scientific authority from a fundamental point of view is a necessity and has received little attention, this research tries to find a mechanism for the realization of scientific authority by referring to the roots of the formation of authority in science and by going through the history of the evolution of science with reference to alternative philosophical attitudes. Method: By choosing a holistic view, this research has tried to achieve comprehensiveness presentation of how authority is formed in science by applying three methods of analysis, synthesis and synthetic. Applying the method of analyzing and scrutinizing scientific-philosophical documents is the first step, synthesizing the findings from the analysis and basing them on fundamental principles based on the synthetic method is the next step in the method. Application of these three methods, which in a way shows the benefits of inductive methodology along with realism in analysis and analogical a priori in synthetics, can be a reliable method in humanities research due to the integration of methods and lack of one-sidedness, although it is often neglected .By applying the analysis method, while identifying the truth of knowledge in its apparent meaning by referring to scientific documents, it was discovered the truth in its essence and in itself by referring to philosophical documents. Two approaches, each of which has pointed to a facet of the multifaceted prism of understanding this phenomenon. By applying the blending method, it is possible to unify two opposing approaches, and in the last step, by applying the synthetic method and relying on the foundations and principles, it will be possible to achieve scientific authority by going through the four stages of scientific thinking. Results: The findings in this scientific process show that authority in humanities will not be possible unless the following requirements are fulfilled: The first requirement: going beyond experience and the scientific method based on it - although it is accepted in natural sciences - the second: relying on previous knowledge as the only valid knowledge of the universal type; Third: Going through the correct stages of scientific thinking in the human sciences in order to realize universal knowledge, knowledge whose foundation is based on the principles of necessity and certainty and accepted unconditionally; Fourth: Education and training of outstanding people in the position of neutral Spectators and philosophers. Spectators who impartially judge the performance of actors in the scientific field and measure the credibility of scientific achievements; Philosophers whose main concern is to reach the truth and point out the deviation from principles in science; Fifth, including three criteria and criteria to measure the validity of scientifically produced knowledge, including "originality", "Exemplarity" and "being useful and effective for solving the problems in the country" and sixth: changing the conventional teaching method to a method based On discussion and interaction based on critical thinking in scientific centers Conclusion: he result of this research showed that although the predominance of empiricism in the human sciences as a limited attitude towards the thousand-year period of the Dark Age caused objectivity to be authoritative and based on cause and effect relationships and governing laws, but the efforts of philosophers such as Kant in The path of attaining the truth in itself drew attention to the meta dimension and beyond the perceptible of the phenomena and made man aware of the huge reserves hidden in his existence, capacities, genius and potential talents so that if Kant would not have achieved these human truths and He did not point out the reliance on inspiration and intuition as a huge source of creating alternative works, the attitude of empiricism that governs everything is based on cause and effect relationships, and the Idea of science was never realized. Therefore, it should be accepted that the alternative approach in scientific authority in the field of human sciences is to place the basis of authority on people Creations that humans are the cause of and are not pre-existing and clear. A human being was created creatively according to his nature and existence, and this is the elixir of freedom associated with his creation, which makes possible the manifestation of enormous existential capacities and countless genius, talent and capability. Objective: Since dealing with the scientific authority from a fundamental point of view is a necessity and has received little attention, this research tries to find a mechanism for the realization of scientific authority by referring to the roots of the formation of authority in science and by going through the history of the evolution of science with reference to alternative philosophical attitudes. Method: By choosing a holistic view, this research has tried to achieve comprehensiveness presentation of how authority is formed in science by applying three methods of analysis, synthesis and synthetic. Applying the method of analyzing and scrutinizing scientific-philosophical documents is the first step, synthesizing the findings from the analysis and basing them on fundamental principles based on the synthetic method is the next step in the method. Application of these three methods, which in a way shows the benefits of inductive methodology along with realism in analysis and analogical a priori in synthetics, can be a reliable method in humanities research due to the integration of methods and lack of one-sidedness, although it is often neglected .By applying the analysis method, while identifying the truth of knowledge in its apparent meaning by referring to scientific documents, it was discovered the truth in its essence and in itself by referring to philosophical documents. Two approaches, each of which has pointed to a facet of the multifaceted prism of understanding this phenomenon. By applying the blending method, it is possible to unify two opposing approaches, and in the last step, by applying the synthetic method and relying on the foundations and principles, it will be possible to achieve scientific authority by going through the four stages of scientific thinking. Results: The findings in this scientific process show that authority in humanities will not be possible unless the following requirements are fulfilled: The first requirement: going beyond experience and the scientific method based on it - although it is accepted in natural sciences - the second: relying on previous knowledge as the only valid knowledge of the universal type; Third: Going through the correct stages of scientific thinking in the human sciences in order to realize universal knowledge, knowledge whose foundation is based on the principles of necessity and certainty and accepted unconditionally; Fourth: Education and training of outstanding people in the position of neutral Spectators and philosophers. Spectators who impartially judge the performance of actors in the scientific field and measure the credibility of scientific achievements; Philosophers whose main concern is to reach the truth and point out the deviation from principles in science; Fifth, including three criteria and criteria to measure the validity of scientifically produced knowledge, including "originality", "Exemplarity" and "being useful and effective for solving the problems in the country" and sixth: changing the conventional teaching method to a method based On discussion and interaction based on critical thinking in scientific centers Conclusion: he result of this research showed that although the predominance of empiricism in the human sciences as a limited attitude towards the thousand-year period of the Dark Age caused objectivity to be authoritative and based on cause and effect relationships and governing laws, but the efforts of philosophers such as Kant in The path of attaining the truth in itself drew attention to the meta dimension and beyond the perceptible of the phenomena and made man aware of the huge reserves hidden in his existence, capacities, genius and potential talents so that if Kant would not have achieved these human truths and He did not point out the reliance on inspiration and intuition as a huge source of creating alternative works, the attitude of empiricism that governs everything is based on cause and effect relationships, and the Idea of science was never realized. Therefore, it should be accepted that the alternative approach in scientific authority in the field of human sciences is to place the basis of authority on people Creations that humans are the cause of and are not pre-existing and clear. A human being was created creatively according to his nature and existence, and this is the elixir of freedom associated with his creation, which makes possible the manifestation of enormous existential capacities and countless genius, talent and capability.

https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_95325_50a7f1310ecbe68adae7ab9ef0369a56.pdf

Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 2008-2266 16 4 2024 02 20 How to form a new school in economics Based on the Idea of scientific thinking How to form a new school in economics Based on the Idea of scientific thinking 29 58 95847 10.22059/jed.2023.367481.654286 FA Mahmoud Motavaseli Professor, Department of Institutional and Social Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 10 31 The evolution of economic schools with the concepts of objectivism (conventional school), subjectivism (Austrian school), Holism (German historical school), and finally collectivism or collective originality (institutional school) shows that despite the development of each school in completing and evolving the schools before it and trying to solve human problems in socio-economic interactions, these schools still have fundamental shortcomings theoretically. Also, evidence from the real world, citing the arguments of several thinkers such as Husserl, Mises, Hannah Arendt, etc., shows that the deviation of the capitalist system and its ruling ideology has become the cause of authoritarianism and autocracy of great powers and taking over the stage of human life. Therefore, the necessity of forming a new paradigm and school in economics is inevitable. And that is for a human being who, on the one hand, according to his own nature, is adorned with reason and proof and is cognate with the comprehensiveness of freedom and autocracy, and on the other hand, he is faced with uncertainty and indeterminacy, and precisely because of this, the modern school must be able to, like the form and a guiding figure, determine the buffer boundaries between right and wrong and show him the straight path; The rest is the choice of the human being, whether he chooses laziness or piety, good or evil, and directs his behavior and actions accordingly. Related to this intellectual atmosphere, the formation of the first economic school from the Dark Ages to the intellectual and cultural revolution and then empiricism was discussed earlier, and in this field, an opportunity arose to draw a road map based on the comprehensiveness of scientific thinking, by analyzing the phenomena at the level Appearances (causal relationships) have been addressed to thinking and reflecting on the essence and inner hidden behind the appearances, and finally, by unifying the achievements of these two stages, the ground for creating a new idea and thought based on the synthetic approach will be provided. The result of the abstraction of all efforts shows that art, the principles of self-knowledge, and the manifestation of existential capacities (comprehensiveness of genius) are necessary as formative elements for the modern school structure around the comprehensiveness of the transcendental concept of freedom. Art is a symbol of freedom and a factor of separation from material relations, which previously, using inspiration and intuition, puts forward a new path for creation and creativity beyond human will; The principles of self-knowledge and pure practical reason, which give meaning and strengthen freedom and art, and manifest those talents, abilities and genius deposited in human existence, which are prone to actualization. Mixing these three items gives a standard, measure, and criterion that can use whatever is appropriate and compatible with it in requirements, deeds, and behavior and whatever is false and unjust from the foundation and maxim of individual and society put aside. The evolution of economic schools with the concepts of objectivism (conventional school), subjectivism (Austrian school), Holism (German historical school), and finally collectivism or collective originality (institutional school) shows that despite the development of each school in completing and evolving the schools before it and trying to solve human problems in socio-economic interactions, these schools still have fundamental shortcomings theoretically. Also, evidence from the real world, citing the arguments of several thinkers such as Husserl, Mises, Hannah Arendt, etc., shows that the deviation of the capitalist system and its ruling ideology has become the cause of authoritarianism and autocracy of great powers and taking over the stage of human life. Therefore, the necessity of forming a new paradigm and school in economics is inevitable. And that is for a human being who, on the one hand, according to his own nature, is adorned with reason and proof and is cognate with the comprehensiveness of freedom and autocracy, and on the other hand, he is faced with uncertainty and indeterminacy, and precisely because of this, the modern school must be able to, like the form and a guiding figure, determine the buffer boundaries between right and wrong and show him the straight path; The rest is the choice of the human being, whether he chooses laziness or piety, good or evil, and directs his behavior and actions accordingly. Related to this intellectual atmosphere, the formation of the first economic school from the Dark Ages to the intellectual and cultural revolution and then empiricism was discussed earlier, and in this field, an opportunity arose to draw a road map based on the comprehensiveness of scientific thinking, by analyzing the phenomena at the level Appearances (causal relationships) have been addressed to thinking and reflecting on the essence and inner hidden behind the appearances, and finally, by unifying the achievements of these two stages, the ground for creating a new idea and thought based on the synthetic approach will be provided. The result of the abstraction of all efforts shows that art, the principles of self-knowledge, and the manifestation of existential capacities (comprehensiveness of genius) are necessary as formative elements for the modern school structure around the comprehensiveness of the transcendental concept of freedom. Art is a symbol of freedom and a factor of separation from material relations, which previously, using inspiration and intuition, puts forward a new path for creation and creativity beyond human will; The principles of self-knowledge and pure practical reason, which give meaning and strengthen freedom and art, and manifest those talents, abilities and genius deposited in human existence, which are prone to actualization. Mixing these three items gives a standard, measure, and criterion that can use whatever is appropriate and compatible with it in requirements, deeds, and behavior and whatever is false and unjust from the foundation and maxim of individual and society put aside. https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_95847_943d0c14838d0d4806c55686074b565b.pdf

Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 2008-2266 16 4 2024 02 20 Designing a Framework to Assess the Performance of Corporate Accelerators Based on Balanced Scorecard Designing a Framework to Assess the Performance of Corporate Accelerators Based on Balanced Scorecard 59 81 96063 10.22059/jed.2024.363557.654245 FA Armin Khaleghi Forghani Department of Human Resource Management and Business Administration, Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Abbas Shams Department of Human Resource Management and Business Administration, Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Hamza Khastar Department of Human Resource Management and Business Administration, Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 08 10 Objective: Startups often encounter various challenges during their formation and growth, leading to a significant failure rate. Accelerators have emerged as a type of startup support organization, aimed at assisting startups in their early stages of development. The notable success of pioneering accelerators, such as Y-Combinatory, has fueled the rapid proliferation of this incubation mechanism worldwide. Recognizing the need for the flexibility and agility exhibited by startups to maintain their competitive positions, corporations have embraced the accelerator model and established their own versions, known as "corporate accelerators." Despite the positive impact these accelerators have on companies, evaluating their performance has remained a persistent challenge, particularly given their initial struggles with financial performance. To address this issue, it is crucial to establish appropriate accelerator assessment criteria that enable owners and managers to assess the actual performance of corporate accelerators. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the field by designing a framework for assessing the performance of corporate accelerators and identifying the criteria for measuring their effectiveness. Method: This research adopts a qualitative and interpretive approach. First, a systematic literature review method was employed to identify assessment criteria for accelerators. Among 123 articles extracted from the WOS and SCOPUS databases, after a careful examination based on title and abstract screening, 18 relevant papers were included in the review process. Drawing from the systematic review and essential criteria, a set of performance assessment criteria for corporate accelerators was derived. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 experts. These individuals, including managers and owners of accelerators with a minimum of two years of experience, had successfully accelerated more than five startups. Thematic analysis, following the six-step pattern outlined by the Braun and Clark method and utilizing MAXQDA2020 software, was employed to extract and analyze the criteria obtained from the interviews. Results: Through the extraction of performance assessment criteria from previous research and interview data, 285 primary codes were identified, leading to the extraction of 29 sub-themes based on the frequency of occurrences and similarities in meanings and concepts. These sub-themes were subsequently organized into four main dimensions to create a performance assessment framework for corporate accelerators. Built upon the balanced scorecard perspective, the framework encompasses four dimensions: "innovation and technology performance," "startup satisfaction performance," "internal processes of accelerator performance," and "learning and growth performance." Each dimension consists of specific criteria for assessing performance. For instance, the dimension of innovation and technology performance encompasses eight criteria, including "knowledge transfer projects to the corporation" and "solving the company's problems through startups." The dimension of startup satisfaction performance comprises nine criteria, such as "access to the company's network for startups" and "accelerator's speed of interaction with corporations and startups." The dimension of internal processes of accelerator performance incorporates seven criteria, including "the existence of systematic procedures for interacting with the company" and "documented procedures for evaluating acceleration applicants." Lastly, the dimension of learning and growth performance encompasses five criteria, such as "documentation of experiences for learning" and "knowledge sharing within the accelerator." Conclusion: Assessing the performance of corporate accelerators has proven to be challenging due to the intangible nature of their achievements. Consequently, comprehensive research on the assessment of this accelerator type has been lacking. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by providing a comprehensive framework of criteria for assessing the performance of corporate accelerators. In doing so, it enhances understanding of the nature and methodology underlying the assessment of accelerator performance. Moreover, the framework offers corporate accelerator managers and owners the means to conduct more comprehensive assessments, considering a range of criteria beyond purely financial indicators. Over time, this holistic approach enables them to measure progress and assess performance more effectively. Objective: Startups often encounter various challenges during their formation and growth, leading to a significant failure rate. Accelerators have emerged as a type of startup support organization, aimed at assisting startups in their early stages of development. The notable success of pioneering accelerators, such as Y-Combinatory, has fueled the rapid proliferation of this incubation mechanism worldwide. Recognizing the need for the flexibility and agility exhibited by startups to maintain their competitive positions, corporations have embraced the accelerator model and established their own versions, known as "corporate accelerators." Despite the positive impact these accelerators have on companies, evaluating their performance has remained a persistent challenge, particularly given their initial struggles with financial performance. To address this issue, it is crucial to establish appropriate accelerator assessment criteria that enable owners and managers to assess the actual performance of corporate accelerators. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the field by designing a framework for assessing the performance of corporate accelerators and identifying the criteria for measuring their effectiveness. Method: This research adopts a qualitative and interpretive approach. First, a systematic literature review method was employed to identify assessment criteria for accelerators. Among 123 articles extracted from the WOS and SCOPUS databases, after a careful examination based on title and abstract screening, 18 relevant papers were included in the review process. Drawing from the systematic review and essential criteria, a set of performance assessment criteria for corporate accelerators was derived. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 experts. These individuals, including managers and owners of accelerators with a minimum of two years of experience, had successfully accelerated more than five startups. Thematic analysis, following the six-step pattern outlined by the Braun and Clark method and utilizing MAXQDA2020 software, was employed to extract and analyze the criteria obtained from the interviews. Results: Through the extraction of performance assessment criteria from previous research and interview data, 285 primary codes were identified, leading to the extraction of 29 sub-themes based on the frequency of occurrences and similarities in meanings and concepts. These sub-themes were subsequently organized into four main dimensions to create a performance assessment framework for corporate accelerators. Built upon the balanced scorecard perspective, the framework encompasses four dimensions: "innovation and technology performance," "startup satisfaction performance," "internal processes of accelerator performance," and "learning and growth performance." Each dimension consists of specific criteria for assessing performance. For instance, the dimension of innovation and technology performance encompasses eight criteria, including "knowledge transfer projects to the corporation" and "solving the company's problems through startups." The dimension of startup satisfaction performance comprises nine criteria, such as "access to the company's network for startups" and "accelerator's speed of interaction with corporations and startups." The dimension of internal processes of accelerator performance incorporates seven criteria, including "the existence of systematic procedures for interacting with the company" and "documented procedures for evaluating acceleration applicants." Lastly, the dimension of learning and growth performance encompasses five criteria, such as "documentation of experiences for learning" and "knowledge sharing within the accelerator." Conclusion: Assessing the performance of corporate accelerators has proven to be challenging due to the intangible nature of their achievements. Consequently, comprehensive research on the assessment of this accelerator type has been lacking. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by providing a comprehensive framework of criteria for assessing the performance of corporate accelerators. In doing so, it enhances understanding of the nature and methodology underlying the assessment of accelerator performance. Moreover, the framework offers corporate accelerator managers and owners the means to conduct more comprehensive assessments, considering a range of criteria beyond purely financial indicators. Over time, this holistic approach enables them to measure progress and assess performance more effectively.

https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96063_7474fe915b28f23202bf61e8720e3fe2.pdf

Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 2008-2266 16 4 2024 02 20 Strategy Formation Conceptual Model in Digital Transformation Of Fashion Retail Organizations Strategy Formation Conceptual Model in Digital Transformation Of Fashion Retail Organizations 82 115 95278 10.22059/jed.2023.366608.654278 FA Shokooh Sadat Alizadeh Moghadam Department of business administration, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Asadollah Kordnaeij Depatment of Business Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Hamid Khodadad Hosseini Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Ayoub Mohammadian Department of Information Technolgy, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 10 12 Objective: Digital transformation as a new environmental paradigm is rapidly changing the internal and external dimensions of the business environment. Traditional businesses face more challenges in this new technology-motivated situation. The complexity and high uncertainty of the business environment, the need for more knowledge and experience in transformation management, the high cost of technology adoption, and internal resistance to change are obstacles to decision-making for digital transformation in traditional industries like the fashion retail industry. Lack of information and knowledge of management for reinventing their business model and forming their digital transformation strategies require solutions. To manage the situation strategically, organization leaders need a conceptual model to design their thinking about the path of digital transformation, reduce the ambiguity in their strategic decision-making process, and reduce the waste of resources in their organizational digital transformation. The model would help the organization understand the strategy formation process in digital transformation. Method: This is an applied developmental study with a descriptive approach. This study developed a new conceptual model using the five-step method of the grounded theory literature review. In this research method, the findings of the existing studies are investigated using content analysis and open and axial coding in the fundamental theory method. The distinction of this method is the possibility of introducing a model and framework derived from the findings of previous studies, which ultimately led to the design of a conceptual model of strategy formation for the digital transformation of fashion retail. Results: By mining the existing body of literature, 36 studies were systematically screened, and based on content analysis and open and axial coding in a grounded theory approach to the articles' findings, 75 codes and 27 main categories were extracted. In the next stage, the categories were prioritized using the Shannon entropy technique based on the frequency of article codes. The final presented model has three main parts: drivers, dimensions, and consequences of strategy formation in the digital transformation of fashion retail. Conclusion: Industrial digital transformation drivers include customer push for digitalization, pressure of competitors' progress, and supply chain push. Internal drivers are digital transformation leadership competency, employee readiness, digital technology capacity, financial expectancy, and strategic capacity for digital transformation. Digital technology penetration, sustainability, social and economic trends, and legal requirements are megatrends driving digital transformation. The customer push and the widespread influence of information technology in all aspects of human life are the most crucial drivers of the external environment. The organization's strategic capacity and technological infrastructure are essential internal drivers in forming a digital transformation strategy, which implies the necessity of digital acceptance in context and digital competency in the organization to start the transformation process. These drivers stimulate and direct the digital transformation process in the fashion retail organization. Organizations have no control over these drivers but need to know drivers and their dynamics for the strategy designing stage. The dimensions of digital transformation strategy in fashion retail organizations include customer experience, data and technology management, executive processes and operations redesigning, digital organization, employee experience, and digital supply chain management. Due to retail industry specifications, among the seven dimensions of the digital transformation strategy, customer digital experience, digital technology management, and data management need more investment and attention, and redesigning digital business models according to new opportunities and challenges should be considered. Organizations need strategy, plan, and budget to transform these dimensions. The consequences of digital transformation strategy formation in fashion retail organizations were also classified as value co-creation, financial performance improvement, competitive position and customer satisfaction, organization sustainability, smartness, and increasing efficiency and effectiveness. Although there are multiple consequences of digital transformation in retail organizations, The value co-creation between customers and the retail industry is an essential consequence resulting in emerging innovative products and services. Also, it will direct the fashion retail industry to join the sharing economy and circular economy in the future. Objective: Digital transformation as a new environmental paradigm is rapidly changing the internal and external dimensions of the business environment. Traditional businesses face more challenges in this new technology-motivated situation. The complexity and high uncertainty of the business environment, the need for more knowledge and experience in transformation management, the high cost of technology adoption, and internal resistance to change are obstacles to decision-making for digital transformation in traditional industries like the fashion retail industry. Lack of information and knowledge of management for reinventing their business model and forming their digital transformation strategies require solutions. To manage the situation strategically, organization leaders need a conceptual model to design their thinking about the path of digital transformation, reduce the ambiguity in their strategic decision-making process, and reduce the waste of resources in their organizational digital transformation. The model would help the organization understand the strategy formation process in digital transformation. Method: This is an applied developmental study with a descriptive approach. This study developed a new conceptual model using the five-step method of the grounded theory literature review. In this research method, the findings of the existing studies are investigated using content analysis and open and axial coding in the fundamental theory method. The distinction of this method is the possibility of introducing a model and framework derived from the findings of previous studies, which ultimately led to the design of a conceptual model of strategy formation for the digital transformation of fashion retail. Results: By mining the existing body of literature, 36 studies were systematically screened, and based on content analysis and open and axial coding in a grounded theory approach to the articles' findings, 75 codes and 27 main categories were extracted. In the next stage, the categories were prioritized using the Shannon entropy technique based on the frequency of article codes. The final presented model has three main parts: drivers, dimensions, and consequences of strategy formation in the digital transformation of fashion retail. Conclusion: Industrial digital transformation drivers include customer push for digitalization, pressure of competitors' progress, and supply chain push. Internal drivers are digital transformation leadership competency, employee readiness, digital technology capacity, financial expectancy, and strategic capacity for digital transformation. Digital technology penetration, sustainability, social and economic trends, and legal requirements are megatrends driving digital transformation. The customer push and the widespread influence of information technology in all aspects of human life are the most crucial drivers of the external environment. The organization's strategic capacity and technological infrastructure are essential internal drivers in forming a digital transformation strategy, which implies the necessity of digital acceptance in context and digital competency in the organization to start the transformation process. These drivers stimulate and direct the digital transformation process in the fashion retail organization. Organizations have no control over these drivers but need to know drivers and their dynamics for the strategy designing stage. The dimensions of digital transformation strategy in fashion retail organizations include customer experience, data and technology management, executive processes and operations redesigning, digital organization, employee experience, and digital supply chain management. Due to retail industry specifications, among the seven dimensions of the digital transformation strategy, customer digital experience, digital technology management, and data management need more investment and attention, and redesigning digital business models according to new opportunities and challenges should be considered. Organizations need strategy, plan, and budget to transform these dimensions. The consequences of digital transformation strategy formation in fashion retail organizations were also classified as value co-creation, financial performance improvement, competitive position and customer satisfaction, organization sustainability, smartness, and increasing efficiency and effectiveness. Although there are multiple consequences of digital transformation in retail organizations, The value co-creation between customers and the retail industry is an essential consequence resulting in emerging innovative products and services. Also, it will direct the fashion retail industry to join the sharing economy and circular economy in the future.

https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_95278_0df8283325590fe28923cc2c765750dc.pdf

Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 2008-2266 16 4 2024 02 20 The Interplay of Monetary Rewards, Expectations, and Ideation Quality: An Empirical Analysis The Interplay of Monetary Rewards, Expectations, and Ideation Quality: An Empirical Analysis 116 142 96220 10.22059/jed.2023.360337.654210 FA Mohammad Etemadi Department of Technology Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Chitsaz Faculty of Entrepreneurship MohammadReza Abolghasemi Dehaqani Department of Machine Intelligence and Robotics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Faraz Ghodratizadeh 3. Department of Corporate Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 06 04 Objective: This research aims to delve into the intricate relationship between monetary rewards, expectations, and the quality of ideation. Traditional views in economics and management often posit a direct, positive correlation between monetary incentives and improved performance outcomes. However, recent insights from behavioral economics suggest this relationship may be more complex than previously understood. The primary purpose of this study is to explore how monetary rewards influence the quality of ideation, particularly in a professional setting, and to examine the mediating role of expectations in this dynamic. The study seeks to bridge the gap in understanding how reward systems impact creative ideation and whether expectations alter this impact. Method: The methodology adopted for this study is experimental in nature, involving a sample of 109 professionals from the information and communication technology sector in China. Participants were engaged in a computerized ideation test; wherein monetary bonuses were awarded at random intervals. The design of the experiment was rooted in Gassmann's business model, which provided a structured framework for idea generation and assessment. To collect data, a comprehensive questionnaire was used to gather demographic and control variable information from participants. This was followed by the ideation process, where participants' ideas were evaluated based on originality, novelty, feasibility, and potential economic value, using a 7-point Likert scale. The experts involved in the evaluation process ensured a robust assessment of ideation quality. The research employed a post-test method to mitigate potential biases such as training and fatigue effects, commonly observed in within-subject designs. A between-subjects design was chosen to further minimize confounding factors, ensuring any observed differences in ideation quality were attributable to the intervention (monetary rewards). Data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS software, utilizing Partial Least Squares (PLS) path modeling. This advanced statistical technique is particularly suited for new technology research due to its ability to model composites and factors, account for various forms of measurement error, and test entire theories. Results: The study’s findings present a nuanced view of the relationship between monetary rewards, expectations, and ideation quality. Key results include: Negative Correlation Between Reward and Ideation Quality: A significant, negative correlation was observed between monetary rewards and the quality of ideation, contradicting many traditional economic theories. This suggests that higher levels of monetary rewards are associated with lower levels of ideation quality. Role of Expectation as a Mediator: Expectation emerged as a crucial mediating factor in the reward-ideation quality relationship. While the indirect relationship through expectation was found to be weak, its presence induced significant changes in the direct path between reward and ideation quality. Statistical Significance and Practical Implications: The R2 value for ideation quality was found to be 0.263, indicating that a significant portion of the variance in ideation quality is explained by the independent variables in the model. This finding has substantial implications for human resource practices in organizations, especially in technology-driven industries. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study offers significant insights into the complex dynamics of monetary rewards, expectations, and ideation quality. It challenges the conventional wisdom that monetary rewards invariably lead to improved performance, particularly in creative tasks. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the psychological and behavioral nuances that govern employee motivation and performance, especially in contexts where creativity and innovation are crucial. The study suggests that organizations need to rethink their reward structures, considering the potential demotivating effects of monetary incentives on creative performance. A more holistic approach, acknowledging the role of expectations and intrinsic motivation, may be more effective in fostering a conducive environment for innovation. This research opens avenues for further exploration into how best to structure reward systems that enhance, rather than inhibit, creative ideation and performance. Objective: This research aims to delve into the intricate relationship between monetary rewards, expectations, and the quality of ideation. Traditional views in economics and management often posit a direct, positive correlation between monetary incentives and improved performance outcomes. However, recent insights from behavioral economics suggest this relationship may be more complex than previously understood. The primary purpose of this study is to explore how monetary rewards influence the quality of ideation, particularly in a professional setting, and to examine the mediating role of expectations in this dynamic. The study seeks to bridge the gap in understanding how reward systems impact creative ideation and whether expectations alter this impact. Method: The methodology adopted for this study is experimental in nature, involving a sample of 109 professionals from the information and communication technology sector in China. Participants were engaged in a computerized ideation test; wherein monetary bonuses were awarded at random intervals. The design of the experiment was rooted in Gassmann's business model, which provided a structured framework for idea generation and assessment. To collect data, a comprehensive questionnaire was used to gather demographic and control variable information from participants. This was followed by the ideation process, where participants' ideas were evaluated based on originality, novelty, feasibility, and potential economic value, using a 7-point Likert scale. The experts involved in the evaluation process ensured a robust assessment of ideation quality. The research employed a post-test method to mitigate potential biases such as training and fatigue effects, commonly observed in within-subject designs. A between-subjects design was chosen to further minimize confounding factors, ensuring any observed differences in ideation quality were attributable to the intervention (monetary rewards). Data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS software, utilizing Partial Least Squares (PLS) path modeling. This advanced statistical technique is particularly suited for new technology research due to its ability to model composites and factors, account for various forms of measurement error, and test entire theories. Results: The study’s findings present a nuanced view of the relationship between monetary rewards, expectations, and ideation quality. Key results include: Negative Correlation Between Reward and Ideation Quality: A significant, negative correlation was observed between monetary rewards and the quality of ideation, contradicting many traditional economic theories. This suggests that higher levels of monetary rewards are associated with lower levels of ideation quality. Role of Expectation as a Mediator: Expectation emerged as a crucial mediating factor in the reward-ideation quality relationship. While the indirect relationship through expectation was found to be weak, its presence induced significant changes in the direct path between reward and ideation quality. Statistical Significance and Practical Implications: The R2 value for ideation quality was found to be 0.263, indicating that a significant portion of the variance in ideation quality is explained by the independent variables in the model. This finding has substantial implications for human resource practices in organizations, especially in technology-driven industries. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study offers significant insights into the complex dynamics of monetary rewards, expectations, and ideation quality. It challenges the conventional wisdom that monetary rewards invariably lead to improved performance, particularly in creative tasks. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the psychological and behavioral nuances that govern employee motivation and performance, especially in contexts where creativity and innovation are crucial. The study suggests that organizations need to rethink their reward structures, considering the potential demotivating effects of monetary incentives on creative performance. A more holistic approach, acknowledging the role of expectations and intrinsic motivation, may be more effective in fostering a conducive environment for innovation. This research opens avenues for further exploration into how best to structure reward systems that enhance, rather than inhibit, creative ideation and performance.

https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96220_8f19702146e03c6a7f5fdc4192081e4c.pdf

Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 2008-2266 16 4 2024 03 04 Presentation a pattern for the role of women social media influencers in the development of entrepreneurship Presentation a pattern for the role of women social media influencers in the development of entrepreneurship 143 164 96221 10.22059/jed.2023.364875.654257 FA Hossein Rahimi Clever Department of Business Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Golsum Akbari Arbatan Department of Business Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2023 09 05 Objective: Social media has provided significant opportunities for individuals to pursue entrepreneurial endeavors. An emerging phenomenon is the increasing number of women becoming social media influencers and acting as a driving force in the entrepreneurial landscape. Unlike celebrities, influencers use their personal lives to connect with their audience and can create a sense of relatability. As a result, social media influencers have become a significant force that drives public opinion through their vast networks of followers. This issue has created significant opportunities for public relations and advertising companies. Marketers have realized this and are actively integrating social media influencers into the mainstream of their marketing activities to reach potential customers. This has effectively legitimized women social media influencers as business owners and entrepreneurs. The phenomenon of social media influencers has enabled many people, especially women, to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Women especially dominate the social media influencer community, making up influencers in the areas of food, travel, fashion, leisure time, entertainment, and the environment. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of influential women on social media in the development of entrepreneurship and presenting a model. Method: This research, from the perspective of the fundamental goal and based on the qualitative method (data base theory), while using information gathering tools and semi-structured interviews with 13 experts and knowledgeable experts in this field and social media for reaching the point of theoretical saturation was analyzed according to the open, central and selective coding method of the research topic. The interview protocol has been designed based on preliminary studies, the research problem of preliminary interviews with the approval of professors and the initial review of the theoretical foundations of the research. The total number of codes recorded by the researcher is 52 and the total number of agreements between the codes is 25. Inter-coder reliability for the interviews conducted in this research using the mentioned formula is equal to 73%. Considering that the reliability level is more than 60%, the reliability of the coding was confirmed and it can be claimed that the reliability level of the current interview analysis is appropriate. In order to ensure the validity of the research, it was tried to be a statistical sample of people who have the necessary knowledge and expertise in the field of research and also to minimize the intervention of researchers in the research. After the implementation, the findings of the interviews were given to the participants (interviewees) to express their opinions about their accuracy and precision. Results: The research findings show that at the end of the open coding process, 147 concepts were labeled. At the end of the open coding phase, the primary concepts were examined, analyzed and categorized to identify subcategories. Based on this, finally, 25 subcategories were extracted from 147 open codes. In the continuation of the formation of the database theory, coding of concepts was considered and key and central concepts were selected to identify sub-categories using induction comparison and reference to the research literature. At the end of the axial coding phase, 12 main categories were identified. The classification of the obtained results is focused on the design of the model, and this model has six main codes: Causal conditions include (independence and self-sufficiency of women, social freedom and the extent of influence of the media), background conditions including (influence and power of influencers, convergent infrastructures), intervening conditions (self-branding of influencers, cultural sensitivities), strategies (creativity and innovation, networking online) and the outcomes were categorized as including (emotional strength and balance, self-awareness promotion, development and resilience). Conclusion: Female influencers, considering the role of guardianship and influencing with the aim of awareness, encourage certain behaviors that lead to greater acceptance of entrepreneurship. Therefore, one of the most important factors for the development of entrepreneurship is the presence of influencers and social networks. In fact, using social media is one of the most popular online activities. As shown in the paradigm model of the role of social media influencer women in the promotion and development of entrepreneurship, one of the necessities of entrepreneurship development is the use of social media platforms. This theory describes the mechanisms through which the platform of virtual space and social media can be used the utmost for development and promotion of entrepreneurship. According to the components so obtained, marketing managers can take full advantage of this model to develop entrepreneurship based on female influencers in their social networks. Objective: Social media has provided significant opportunities for individuals to pursue entrepreneurial endeavors. An emerging phenomenon is the increasing number of women becoming social media influencers and acting as a driving force in the entrepreneurial landscape. Unlike celebrities, influencers use their personal lives to connect with their audience and can create a sense of relatability. As a result, social media influencers have become a significant force that drives public opinion through their vast networks of followers. This issue has created significant opportunities for public relations and advertising companies. Marketers have realized this and are actively integrating social media influencers into the mainstream of their marketing activities to reach potential customers. This has effectively legitimized women social media influencers as business owners and entrepreneurs. The phenomenon of social media influencers has enabled many people, especially women, to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Women especially dominate the social media influencer community, making up influencers in the areas of food, travel, fashion, leisure time, entertainment, and the environment. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of influential women on social media in the development of entrepreneurship and presenting a model. Method: This research, from the perspective of the fundamental goal and based on the qualitative method (data base theory), while using information gathering tools and semi-structured interviews with 13 experts and knowledgeable experts in this field and social media for reaching the point of theoretical saturation was analyzed according to the open, central and selective coding method of the research topic. The interview protocol has been designed based on preliminary studies, the research problem of preliminary interviews with the approval of professors and the initial review of the theoretical foundations of the research. The total number of codes recorded by the researcher is 52 and the total number of agreements between the codes is 25. Inter-coder reliability for the interviews conducted in this research using the mentioned formula is equal to 73%. Considering that the reliability level is more than 60%, the reliability of the coding was confirmed and it can be claimed that the reliability level of the current interview analysis is appropriate. In order to ensure the validity of the research, it was tried to be a statistical sample of people who have the necessary knowledge and expertise in the field of research and also to minimize the intervention of researchers in the research. After the implementation, the findings of the interviews were given to the participants (interviewees) to express their opinions about their accuracy and precision. Results: The research findings show that at the end of the open coding process, 147 concepts were labeled. At the end of the open coding phase, the primary concepts were examined, analyzed and categorized to identify subcategories. Based on this, finally, 25 subcategories were extracted from 147 open codes. In the continuation of the formation of the database theory, coding of concepts was considered and key and central concepts were selected to identify sub-categories using induction comparison and reference to the research literature. At the end of the axial coding phase, 12 main categories were identified. The classification of the obtained results is focused on the design of the model, and this model has six main codes: Causal conditions include (independence and self-sufficiency of women, social freedom and the extent of influence of the media), background conditions including (influence and power of influencers, convergent infrastructures), intervening conditions (self-branding of influencers, cultural sensitivities), strategies (creativity and innovation, networking online) and the outcomes were categorized as including (emotional strength and balance, self-awareness promotion, development and resilience). Conclusion: Female influencers, considering the role of guardianship and influencing with the aim of awareness, encourage certain behaviors that lead to greater acceptance of entrepreneurship. Therefore, one of the most important factors for the development of entrepreneurship is the presence of influencers and social networks. In fact, using social media is one of the most popular online activities. As shown in the paradigm model of the role of social media influencer women in the promotion and development of entrepreneurship, one of the necessities of entrepreneurship development is the use of social media platforms. This theory describes the mechanisms through which the platform of virtual space and social media can be used the utmost for development and promotion of entrepreneurship. According to the components so obtained, marketing managers can take full advantage of this model to develop entrepreneurship based on female influencers in their social networks.

https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96221_caa66639ad04581d9481c98716a3aefc.pdf

Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 2008-2266 16 4 2024 03 04 Knowing the factors affecting the intensity of internationalization of technology-oriented companies in Iran Knowing the factors affecting the intensity of internationalization of technology-oriented companies in Iran 165 185 95410 10.22059/jed.2024.358958.654190 FA Abolghasem Arabiun Department of technological Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Elahe Hosseini Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics, Management & Accounting, Yazd University, Yazd. Iran. Mahdi Azad Department of Entrepreneurship Development, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2023 06 04 Objective: According to statistics provided by the Small Industries Investment Support Fund in 2017, Iranian businesses accounted for only 10% of the country's export volume. Furthermore, technology-oriented businesses with advanced products made up only 1.5% of Iran's non-oil exports, according to the United Nations Development Fund. This indicates that Iran has not been successful in this area, and its rank in this field is lower than that of other countries in the region. Developed countries, on the other hand, emphasize the expansion of agriculture and technological industries. Therefore, there is a significant performance gap and unfavorable state of Iran's economic drivers when comparing the country's statistics and current position with the lofty goals set. Also, since each of the researches have dealt with specific dimensions of the variables affecting the internationalization of businesses and the lack of research that has discussed the intensity of internationalization in relation to strategic agility and entrepreneurial orientation and digital technologies is felt, And since until the research, these structures have not been examined with this combination, this research is innovative in this sense. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of digital technologies on the intensity of internationalization of technology-oriented businesses, with the mediating role of strategic agility and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation. Method: The current research is a descriptive-correlational type of research with a practical purpose and data collection through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes technology-oriented businesses in Iran since April 2023, which have a history of exporting. To be considered a technology business, the goods and services of these businesses must be in the field of high or medium to high technologies, and the goods offered must be in production or at least at the level of a laboratory sample (capable of technical review) and services must have sales documents. The population of this research includes 305 employees of these businesses who are active in the fields of international trade. A sample size of 170 people was obtained using available sampling based on Cochran's formula and with an error level of 5% at a confidence level of 95%. The researchers used a 13-item questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale (5 = completely agree to 1 = completely disagree) derived from standard questionnaires to collect information. The relationships between variables were investigated using the SmartPLS3 software and the structural equation modeling method, which is a statistical model to investigate the relationship between latent variables and manifest variables. Results: The analysis of SmartPLS3 software showed that digital technologies have a direct and positive effect on the intensity of internationalization of technology-based businesses. Entrepreneurial orientation as a moderator and strategic agility as a mediating variable have a positive and significant effect as well. Therefore, businesses, especially technology-oriented ones, should consider the impact of digital technologies on the intensity of internationalization. They should digitize their processes by using digital technologies to enter and operate more successfully in international markets. Additionally, they should increase the intensity of internationalization by raising the level of strategic agility and using entrepreneurial orientation in their activities. Conclusion: Technology-oriented companies operating in technology-intensive environments can expand the market for their technologies through internationalization of sales. They may do so in response to small, mature, or highly competitive domestic markets, or because they perceive greater opportunities in foreign markets. In general, the internationalization of technology-based firms is likely to increase as the world integrates, trade barriers decrease, and transportation and communications become more efficient. Therefore, the use of digital technologies can help businesses build better relationships with customers and suppliers, improve productivity, and facilitate faster internationalization. Therefore, it is better for businesses to consider their strategic agility while investing in the use of digital technologies so that they can quickly change their innovations according to the demands of customers and obtain specific information from competitors and improve their products. Design and develop faster and send to international markets. Objective: According to statistics provided by the Small Industries Investment Support Fund in 2017, Iranian businesses accounted for only 10% of the country's export volume. Furthermore, technology-oriented businesses with advanced products made up only 1.5% of Iran's non-oil exports, according to the United Nations Development Fund. This indicates that Iran has not been successful in this area, and its rank in this field is lower than that of other countries in the region. Developed countries, on the other hand, emphasize the expansion of agriculture and technological industries. Therefore, there is a significant performance gap and unfavorable state of Iran's economic drivers when comparing the country's statistics and current position with the lofty goals set. Also, since each of the researches have dealt with specific dimensions of the variables affecting the internationalization of businesses and the lack of research that has discussed the intensity of internationalization in relation to strategic agility and entrepreneurial orientation and digital technologies is felt, And since until the research, these structures have not been examined with this combination, this research is innovative in this sense. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of digital technologies on the intensity of internationalization of technology-oriented businesses, with the mediating role of strategic agility and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation. Method: The current research is a descriptive-correlational type of research with a practical purpose and data collection through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes technology-oriented businesses in Iran since April 2023, which have a history of exporting. To be considered a technology business, the goods and services of these businesses must be in the field of high or medium to high technologies, and the goods offered must be in production or at least at the level of a laboratory sample (capable of technical review) and services must have sales documents. The population of this research includes 305 employees of these businesses who are active in the fields of international trade. A sample size of 170 people was obtained using available sampling based on Cochran's formula and with an error level of 5% at a confidence level of 95%. The researchers used a 13-item questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale (5 = completely agree to 1 = completely disagree) derived from standard questionnaires to collect information. The relationships between variables were investigated using the SmartPLS3 software and the structural equation modeling method, which is a statistical model to investigate the relationship between latent variables and manifest variables. Results: The analysis of SmartPLS3 software showed that digital technologies have a direct and positive effect on the intensity of internationalization of technology-based businesses. Entrepreneurial orientation as a moderator and strategic agility as a mediating variable have a positive and significant effect as well. Therefore, businesses, especially technology-oriented ones, should consider the impact of digital technologies on the intensity of internationalization. They should digitize their processes by using digital technologies to enter and operate more successfully in international markets. Additionally, they should increase the intensity of internationalization by raising the level of strategic agility and using entrepreneurial orientation in their activities. Conclusion: Technology-oriented companies operating in technology-intensive environments can expand the market for their technologies through internationalization of sales. They may do so in response to small, mature, or highly competitive domestic markets, or because they perceive greater opportunities in foreign markets. In general, the internationalization of technology-based firms is likely to increase as the world integrates, trade barriers decrease, and transportation and communications become more efficient. Therefore, the use of digital technologies can help businesses build better relationships with customers and suppliers, improve productivity, and facilitate faster internationalization. Therefore, it is better for businesses to consider their strategic agility while investing in the use of digital technologies so that they can quickly change their innovations according to the demands of customers and obtain specific information from competitors and improve their products. Design and develop faster and send to international markets.

https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_95410_a76ae40163d4236040c1cfd4e6f211fa.pdf

Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 2008-2266 16 4 2024 02 20 Identifying Factors Affecting the Success of Startups: A Phenomenological Study Identifying Factors Affecting the Success of Startups: A Phenomenological Study 187 214 96174 10.22059/jed.2023.359337.654193 FA Davood Abbasi Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Omid Mahdieh Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Fateme Shahsavari Department of Management and Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran 0009-0002-5287-0537 Journal Article 2023 06 03 Objective: A startup is any company that works to grow, commercialize, and create entirely new goods, services, or mechanisms, driven by intellectual property or new technology. Startups have a significant impact on economic development. In addition, by creating jobs and wealth through innovation and technological activities, they have made important changes in the social, economic and even political context of countries. In the current era, startups or start-up companies play a significant role in entrepreneurship. These companies have played a prominent role in the development of the knowledge-based economy and are the source of many social developments. Innovation by start-up companies is one of the ways to increase competitive advantages and is considered one of the most important strategic approaches of companies to achieve long-term success. Startups have become the driving engine of the economies of developing countries, but many of them cannot continue their activities in the long term. Twenty percent of startups are out of competition in the first year and more than half of them in the first five years. In this regard, the aim of this research is to discover the factors affecting the success of startups. Method: This research has been done with a qualitative approach using the phenomenological method. Fourteen managers of successful startups in the two provinces of Qazvin and Zanjan were selected by using criterion-based purposive sampling (being active and profitable) and data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done with the Colaizzi’s seven-step method. First, the text of the interviews was carefully read several times. Then the meaningful statements were identified. In the next stage, the meaning of these statements was formulated and organized in the form of organizing themes (thematic clusters). Then these clusters were described and then, the description of the underlying structure of the phenomenon under study was formulated. Finally, the analysis process was completed by validating the findings by receiving the feedback from the participants. Results: : After the data analysis, factors affecting the success of successful startups were extracted in the form of 8 organizing themes and 26 basic sub-themes. The main themes are: "systems thinking", "active foresight", "creativity and innovation", "organizational learning", "team building", "financing", "business skills", and "market-orientation". The category of system thinking includes the three basic themes of adaptability, planned growth, and inter-functional coordination. The category of active foresight consists of the four basic themes of goal-setting, self-efficacy and hard work, experience and interest in work, and risk-taking. The category of creativity and innovation includes the three basic themes of creative ideation, the use of new technologies, and the design and production of applied products. The category of organizational learning consists of the three basic themes: acceptance of change, continuous learning and knowledge sharing. The category of team building includes the three basic themes of specialization, teamwork, and responsibility and accountability. The category of financing consists of two the basic themes of attracting capital and generating income. The category of business skills includes the three basic themes of problem solving, decision making, and advertising and information. And finally, the category of market-orientation consists of the five basic themes of choosing the target market and creating differentiation, customer orientation, publicity, product development and diversification, and providing service and support. Conclusion: Although having a creative idea is necessary to launch a startup and it is the main challenge of many founders to start a new investment, but it alone cannot guarantee its success. On the other hand, identifying and exploiting the opportunity also plays a prominent role in the success of startups, but the use of new technologies has improved the ability to generate ideas. Formulating a suitable growth strategy, foresight, having an expert team, financial strength, marketing and learning capabilities are other key success factors of startups. It should be noted that the systemic thinking is a necessary condition and a turning point in designing the structure and patterns of startup activities to adapt to technological changes and customer needs, and to connect them with each other. With this thinking, startups can intelligently make find the necessary preparations to face the upcoming opportunities and threats wisely. Objective: A startup is any company that works to grow, commercialize, and create entirely new goods, services, or mechanisms, driven by intellectual property or new technology. Startups have a significant impact on economic development. In addition, by creating jobs and wealth through innovation and technological activities, they have made important changes in the social, economic and even political context of countries. In the current era, startups or start-up companies play a significant role in entrepreneurship. These companies have played a prominent role in the development of the knowledge-based economy and are the source of many social developments. Innovation by start-up companies is one of the ways to increase competitive advantages and is considered one of the most important strategic approaches of companies to achieve long-term success. Startups have become the driving engine of the economies of developing countries, but many of them cannot continue their activities in the long term. Twenty percent of startups are out of competition in the first year and more than half of them in the first five years. In this regard, the aim of this research is to discover the factors affecting the success of startups. Method: This research has been done with a qualitative approach using the phenomenological method. Fourteen managers of successful startups in the two provinces of Qazvin and Zanjan were selected by using criterion-based purposive sampling (being active and profitable) and data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done with the Colaizzi’s seven-step method. First, the text of the interviews was carefully read several times. Then the meaningful statements were identified. In the next stage, the meaning of these statements was formulated and organized in the form of organizing themes (thematic clusters). Then these clusters were described and then, the description of the underlying structure of the phenomenon under study was formulated. Finally, the analysis process was completed by validating the findings by receiving the feedback from the participants. Results: : After the data analysis, factors affecting the success of successful startups were extracted in the form of 8 organizing themes and 26 basic sub-themes. The main themes are: "systems thinking", "active foresight", "creativity and innovation", "organizational learning", "team building", "financing", "business skills", and "market-orientation". The category of system thinking includes the three basic themes of adaptability, planned growth, and inter-functional coordination. The category of active foresight consists of the four basic themes of goal-setting, self-efficacy and hard work, experience and interest in work, and risk-taking. The category of creativity and innovation includes the three basic themes of creative ideation, the use of new technologies, and the design and production of applied products. The category of organizational learning consists of the three basic themes: acceptance of change, continuous learning and knowledge sharing. The category of team building includes the three basic themes of specialization, teamwork, and responsibility and accountability. The category of financing consists of two the basic themes of attracting capital and generating income. The category of business skills includes the three basic themes of problem solving, decision making, and advertising and information. And finally, the category of market-orientation consists of the five basic themes of choosing the target market and creating differentiation, customer orientation, publicity, product development and diversification, and providing service and support. Conclusion: Although having a creative idea is necessary to launch a startup and it is the main challenge of many founders to start a new investment, but it alone cannot guarantee its success. On the other hand, identifying and exploiting the opportunity also plays a prominent role in the success of startups, but the use of new technologies has improved the ability to generate ideas. Formulating a suitable growth strategy, foresight, having an expert team, financial strength, marketing and learning capabilities are other key success factors of startups. It should be noted that the systemic thinking is a necessary condition and a turning point in designing the structure and patterns of startup activities to adapt to technological changes and customer needs, and to connect them with each other. With this thinking, startups can intelligently make find the necessary preparations to face the upcoming opportunities and threats wisely.

https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_96174_e02baf317b3170e7772a4bb9758de1f3.pdf